鲍威尔盟友重磅定调,美联储 12 月降息又成大概率事件了?

深潮Pubblicato 2025-11-23Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-11-24

经济学家指出,三位最具影响力的官员形成支持降息的强大阵营,将难以被撼动......

来源:金十数据

在过去一个月,美联储官员们就经济可能的走向与适当的利率水平,公开爆发了尖锐分歧。这些公开辩论让经济学家和市场参与者普遍怀疑,美联储内部是否有足够支持,在 12 月 10 日即将举行的政策会议上再次降息。

然而,过去几天市场看法出现戏剧性转变——投资者和经济学家如今普遍认为,美联储大概率会在 12 月采取降息行动。

这一转变的核心推手是什么?经济学家指出,鉴于对就业市场健康状况的持续担忧,美联储官员正倾向于再次降息。

富国银行首席经济学家汤姆·波尔切利(Tom Porcelli)在采访中表示:「我们在劳动力市场看到的恶化态势,我认为足以构成美联储 12 月降息的合理依据。」

政府停摆结束后发布的首份官方数据显示,9 月失业率攀升至 4.4%,创下近四年最高水平。同时有迹象表明,劳动力市场「低招聘、低解雇」的平稳态势,可能正处于恶化的临界点。

德意志银行首席美国经济学家马修·卢泽蒂(Matthew Luzzetti)在给客户的报告中直言,就业市场仍「处于岌岌可危的状态」。

更关键的转折来自核心官员的表态。先锋集团(Vanguard)高级经济学家乔希·赫特(Josh Hirt)在采访中透露,他个人判断美联储会降息,而关键依据是上周五纽约联储主席威廉姆斯的公开言论——作为美联储主席鲍威尔的亲密盟友,威廉姆斯明确主张降息,并表示「仍认为短期内有进一步调整利率的空间」。

这一表态直接引爆金融市场,12 月降息预期一度从一天前的近 40% 飙升至 70% 以上。赫特直言:「我认为市场对此的解读是准确的。」

他进一步补充,威廉姆斯的立场意味着美联储三位最具影响力的官员——鲍威尔、威廉姆斯以及美联储理事沃勒——均支持新一轮宽松行动。「我们认为这是一个极具分量的阵营,很难被撼动。」

前美国银行证券(BofA Securities)首席经济学家伊桑·哈里斯(Ethan Harris)也指出,经济正显现出更令人信服的疲软信号,这迫使美联储不得不采取行动。

美联储高层信号的「精准传递」

美联储的沟通——尤其是最高层级的沟通——极少是偶然的。

来自高层的信号,特别是主席、副主席以及权重极高的纽约联储主席的表态,都经过精心权衡:既要传递明确的政策思路,又要避免引发金融市场的过度反应。

这也正是现任纽约联储主席威廉姆斯上周五的讲话对市场意义重大的原因。凭借其职位,他是美联储领导「三巨头」的成员之一,另外两位分别是主席鲍威尔和副主席杰斐逊。

因此,当威廉姆斯暗示「短期内有进一步调整利率的可能性」时,投资者将其解读为高层释放的明确信号:领导层倾向于近期至少再降息一次,而最可能的时间点就是 12 月的联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)会议。

Evercore ISI 全球政策和央行战略主管克里希纳·古哈(Krishna Guha)在客户报告中分析:「『短期内』这一表述虽有一定模糊性,但最直接的解读就是下一次会议。」

「尽管威廉姆斯可能只是表达个人观点,但美联储领导『三巨头』成员就关键现行政策问题发出的信号,几乎总是经过主席批准的;若没有鲍威尔的签字同意,他发出这样的信号将是职业失当。」他补充道。

内部分歧核心:三大争议难调和

尽管降息共识升温,经济学家仍预计,会有一名或多名主张维持利率稳定的美联储官员在会议上投出反对票。

其他官员并未像威廉姆斯那样积极支持降息。波士顿联储主席柯林斯和达拉斯联储主席洛根均对进一步降息表达了犹豫。柯林斯在接受 CNBC 采访时直言对通胀的担忧;洛根则更为鹰派,称她甚至不确定自己是否会投票支持之前的两次降息。需要注意的是,柯林斯今年在 FOMC 拥有投票权,而洛根的投票权将在 2026 年生效。

哈里斯表示,退一步看,美联储正面临一个「不可能完成的挑战」:当前经济呈现滞胀特征——高通胀与高失业率并存,而这种局面没有明确的美联储政策应对方案,这也导致利率设定委员会内部出现深刻分歧。「存在一些非常根本性的分歧。」

第一个分歧点是当前美联储政策属于紧缩还是宽松。对通胀感到不安的官员认为,货币政策通过资本市场发挥作用,而当前资本市场表现强劲,这意味着政策可能已处于宽松状态;支持降息的官员则反驳,住房等关键部门的金融状况仍处于紧张水平。

第二个分歧点围绕通胀解读展开。威廉姆斯等降息派官员称,若剔除关税的暂时性影响,通胀水平本会更低;但通胀担忧派官员则发现,不受关税影响的部门已出现通胀上升迹象。

除此之外,所有美联储官员都对一个矛盾现象感到困惑:疲软的就业市场与强劲的消费支出为何会同时存在。

哈里斯表示:「这将是一次耐人寻味的投票。」他补充道,最终决定可能会在会议现场敲定。

特殊背景:数据真空与「保险性降息」的考量

前克利夫兰联储主席梅斯特分析,鲍威尔可能会利用 12 月 10 日的新闻发布会传递一个关键信息:此次降息属于「保险性降息」,之后美联储将观望经济的反应。

值得关注的是,由于创纪录时长的政府停摆,美联储在此次会议上将无法获取政府最新的就业和通胀数据,这意味着决策将在一定程度的「数据真空」下进行。

先锋集团的赫特还指出,那些反对 12 月降息的美联储官员的讲话,在向市场传递了一个重要信号:美联储并非「为了降息而降息」,从而阻止债券市场定价更高的通胀预期。「这限制了在通胀高企、劳动力市场未明显陷入困境的情况下,降息可能带来的负面后果。」

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