美联储今年首度降息,一文盘点鸽、鹰派分析师评价与看法

marsbitPubblicato 2025-09-18Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-09-19

美联储(Fed)于 9 月 18 日凌晨 2 点宣布降息 25 个基点,利率从 4.25%—4.50% 降至 4.00%—4.25%。在今年连续五次会议维持利率不变后,这也是联储会自去年 12 月以来首度降息,预料将开启新一波降息周期。

本文简单整理 FOMC 利率决策会议重点,鲍威尔谈话内容、美国经济前景,以及各大机构、分析师反馈。

超过七成官员倾向于在 2025 年内进行 1 到 3 次的降息

这次联邦公开市场委员会以 11 比 1 的投票结果将基准利率下调一码,新任联储会理事米兰(Stephen Miran)是唯一投票反对这项决定的代表,他由特朗普任命、于 16 日经参议院极速表决后正式宣誓上任 Fed 理事。反对理由主张降息需更为积极,应一次性降息 50 个基点而非最终通过的 25 个基点,而他对更激进宽松的诉求也反馈在点阵图(dot plot)中唯一偏低的预测点上,显示其支持年底前累计降息 150 个基点。

根据预测显示,预计 2025 年联储会将再降息 75 个基点,凸显联储会对风险平衡的日益担忧。儘管联邦公开市场委员会强调将继续致力于 2% 的通膨目标,但在经济动能放缓的情况下,其基调更倾向于支持成长和就业。

整理参与此次 FOMC 会议的 19 位官员数据,多数官员(76.3%)倾向于在 2025 年内进行 1 到 3 次的降息,其中约一半(47.4%)支持降息 75 个基点,即三次,另有 31.6% 支持降息 25 个基点,少数(5.3%)认为今年内不再降息或甚至支持大幅度降息 150 个基点,显示在经济仍有放缓迹象且通膨压力逐步缓解的背景下,美联储官员普遍偏向维持宽松货币政策,并预期年底前仍可能有多次降息来刺激经济成长。

目前市场认为,即央行正在为市场朝更宽松的政策路径做准备,未来路径完全偏向鸽派。不过比特币的反应却迟缓,价格盘整主导了整体方向性动能。

鲍威尔在会后表示,他持续担忧关税带来的通膨压力,「我们的义务是确保一次性的物价上涨不会演变成持续的通膨问题。」 鲍威尔还说道,「目前劳动力需求已经减弱,近期就业岗位创造速度似乎低于维持失业率不变所需的盈亏平衡水准。」

而提及年底前是否有进一步升息的机会,鲍威尔持谨慎态度,称美联储目前处于「逐次会议调整的局面」。


机构观察

Principal Asset Management 全球首席策略师 Seema Shah:「点阵图呈现出多种观点,准确反映出因劳动力供应变化、数据准确性疑虑以及政府政策不确定性所造成的複杂经济格局。」

芝商所(CME Group)市场交易员:「FedWatch 工具通过 30 天联邦基金期货合约价格,计算市场隐含的利率变动机率,预估明年还将降息 2 至 3 次。」

信安资产管理公司(Principal Asset ManagementSM)首席全球策略师 Seema Shah 表示,「明年的点阵图彙集了各种不同观点,精准反映出当前经济前景的複杂性,包括劳动力供给变化、数据衡量问题,以及政府政策动荡与不确定性,都让这一前景更加模糊。 」


鸽派 / 鹰派分析师观点整理

鸽派观点

Michael Gapen (Morgan Stanley 首席美国经济学家 ):「Fed 降息 25 个基点如预期,并暗示未来还有更多降息。目前 Fed 认为就业方面的下行风险已经上升,这为今天降息 25 个基点和年底前降息 75 个基点提供了理由。更新后的预测显示通胀可能会在更长时间内高于 2.0%,PCE 通胀从 2.4% 上调至 2.6%。总体来说,这是鸽派信号。」

Blair Shwedo ( 美国银行 ):「Fed 决策结果不意外,风险资产和美债似乎专注于 Fed 对今年再降息两次的预期。这次会议的决定对风险资产总体来说应该是利好,我们应该会看到信用风险利差保持在历史紧缩水平。」

Brian Jacobsen (Annex Wealth Management 首席经济学家 ):「Fed 决定符合我们的预期,而米兰则以异议票要求更大幅度(50 基点)降息。」

鹰派观点

Michael Rosen (Angeles Investments 首席投资官 ):「Fed 在此次决策中,不仅调降利率,还把对未来通胀率的预估提高。反映出因近期就业增长放缓、失业率略微上升,Fed 希望透过降息来刺激经济活力、增进就业机会,另一块是通胀仍高于 Fed 设下的 2% 目标,提高通胀预测代表 Fed 认为物价压力可能比原先认定的更为持久,这让他们在降息与抗通胀之间必须小心权衡,既要防止过度宽松加剧物价上涨,也要避免过快收紧让就业市场进一步恶化。」

Christopher Hodge (Natixis 首席美国经济学家 ):「鲍威尔需要解释为什麽点阵图显示 2026 年在失业率更低和通胀更高的情况下会有更多降息。点阵图是一个难以解释的预测拼凑,且鸽派的点阵图似乎与预测的通胀 / 劳动市场动态相冲突。」

最后,市场上多位分析师注意到 Fed 官员之间存在显着分歧。Brij Khurana (Wellington Management) 指出:「只有米兰一人异议,推动 50 个基点的降息。市场曾猜测 Waller 和 Bowman 都会在这次会议上推动 50 个基点。」

儘管多数官员在最新点阵图中预测今年仍有两次降息空间,将基准利率推至 3.5%–3.75%,市场却在观望与分歧中拉锯;Siebert Financial 的 Mark Malek 对过度乐观的前景保持谨慎,认为过早的狂热或导致更剧烈的股债抛售,而 Spartan Capital 的 Peter Cardillo 则视此次决议为鸽派信号,预期收益率与股市将延续上行。

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