都在欢庆 9 月降息,鲍威尔的讲话真有这么「鸽派」吗?

marsbitPubblicato 2025-08-24Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-08-25

上周五美联储主席鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔全球央行年会上的讲话,被普遍解读为 9 月降息的明确信号,这一表态瞬间点燃了市场热情,美股再创历史新高。

然而,美国经济学家、斯坦福大学校长 Jonathan Levin 周六在彭博专栏撰文表示,深入解读鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔的讲话,会发现其核心信息并非无条件的宽松,而是在一个充满迷雾的经济环境中,艰难地权衡着劳动力市场萎靡与通胀高企的双重风险。

Levin 表示,市场周五狂欢式的反应,很大程度上忽略了鲍威尔讲话中关键的微妙之处。他强调,如果美联储真的降息,其原因可能是经济陷入了麻烦,央行不得不出手干预,而非因为通胀降温。这层意味深长的背景,被市场的第一反应所淹没。

文章强调,鲍威尔在讲话中坦承,决策者正面临一项棘手的任务,即在促进充分就业和维持物价稳定的双重使命之间取得平衡。这种政策上的两难境地,预示着未来的降息路径可能比市场预期的更为缓慢和不确定。


双重目标下的艰难抉择

文章指出,当通胀率在 2022 年飙升至 9.1% 时,美联储的目标非常明确,政策共识也相对容易达成。但如今,政策制定者面临的局面要复杂得多。

鲍威尔也在讲话中强调:

「当我们的目标像这样处于紧张状态时,我们的框架要求我们平衡双重使命的两个方面。」

Levin 解释称,一方面,尽管失业率处于低位,但劳动力市场数据已开始动摇。另一方面,通胀率仍略高于美联储 2% 的目标。

文章援引鲍威尔的讲话称,「我们的政策利率现在比一年前更接近中性水平 100 个基点」,这使得美联储可以「谨慎行事」。但他同时警告,「货币政策并未设定在预设的轨道上」。

这种政策上的分歧在美联储内部已经显现。7 月份将利率维持在 4.25% 至 4.5% 的决定,引发了两位理事的反对,这是自 1992 年以来首次出现的情况,凸显了在如何解读当前经济数据上的巨大分歧。


劳动力市场的下行风险

文章强调,市场欢呼降息的背后,一个被忽视的关键点是:美联储降息的主要动机,可能源于对经济恶化的担忧。

在周五的讲话中,鲍威尔特别指出,当前劳动力市场处于一种「奇特的平衡」,即劳动力供给和需求同时显著放缓,这部分是由于移民政策收紧所致。

鲍威尔对此直言不讳:

「这种不寻常的情况表明,就业的下行风险正在上升。如果这些风险成为现实,它们可能会以裁员急剧增加和失业率上升的形式迅速出现。」

换言之,降息将是一种防御性举措,而非经济强劲的胜利宣言。

文章指出,支持这一担忧的还有其他数据。鲍威尔提到,今年上半年美国的 GDP 增速仅为 2024 年的一半左右,部分原因是消费者支出放缓。这与股市持续牛市的基础并不相符。


通胀难题悬而未决

在担忧就业市场的同时,通胀风险依然存在。

文章称,许多经济学家持续担心,特朗普推行的关税政策将在未来数月乃至数个季度推高商品价格。尽管目前影响尚显温和,但业内人士预计,当 2026 年款新车上市时,价格上涨的压力将真正显现。

如何应对关税带来的价格冲击,本身就是一个激烈辩论的话题。鸽派人士认为,决策者应忽略这种「一次性的」价格水平变化;而鹰派则担心,在已经忍受了近五年高通胀的背景下,这可能会加剧通胀预期的失控。

Levin 认为,鲍威尔本人似乎倾向于「忽略」关税影响的阵营,这可能是他讲话中为数不多的偏鸽派的细微信号。但他同时明确警告,「我们不能理所当然地认为通胀预期会保持稳定」,并承认了这方面的担忧。


市场反应可能过度

文章最后强调,市场对鲍威尔讲话的鸽派解读可能有些过度,或者是因为投资者此前普遍预期其立场会更加强硬,从而导致了头寸调整。实际情况远比这平淡,但对于当前的经济形势而言却完全恰当。

在政策挑战之外,鲍威尔的讲话也巧妙地回避了来自特朗普要求其大幅降息的政治压力。从任何角度看,鲍威尔的讲话都没有屈服于压力的迹象。

Levin 表示,基于现有数据,美联储看起来准备最早在下月降息,并在此后恢复摸索支持可持续增长和低通胀的适当利率水平。但前景仍高度不确定,政策宽松进程可能比市场预期更加缓慢。

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