加密货币正式进入美国养老金套餐,最大增量入口开闸

marsbitPubblicato 2025-08-07Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-08-08

昨日彭博社披露,特朗普将于周四签署行政命令,旨在允许私募股权、房地产、加密货币及其他另类资产纳入 401(k)养老金计划。该消息一出,一扫关税带来的多日阴霾,加密市场表现强劲。比特币强势突破 115500 美元附近压力位,以太坊再度冲击 4000 美元关口,山寨币板块全线躁动。那场迟迟未至的“山寨季”,终于要来了?

401(k)是什么?新政为何意义深远?

401(k)计划是美国最重要的退休储蓄工具之一,管理着约 9 万亿美元的资产,覆盖数千万美国人的养老资金。作为雇主赞助的长期储蓄方案,401(k)传统上以低风险、高流动性的资产为核心,例如股票、债券和共同基金,旨在为退休者提供稳定、长期的回报。

特朗普此次行政命令,直接撕开了这一保守框架——首次明确允许高风险、高回报的另类资产进入 401(k)体系,其中包括加密货币、黄金、私募股权和房地产。这意味着,未来数万亿美元的退休资金,可能涌入此前被视为“非主流”的市场,重塑美国养老金的投资版图,相关阅读参考《凶猛利好:特朗普拟开放美国退休金投资加密,万亿美元涌入市场?》。

这并非特朗普首次试图松绑 401(k)的投资范围。早在 2020 年,其任内的劳工部就曾释放过允许 401(k)接触私募资产的信号,但因缺乏总统行政命令的背书,加之私募资产流动性低、透明度有限,最终未能引发广泛跟进。而这一次,总统亲自签署的新政,不仅力度更大,执行决心也更为明确。

2025 年 5 月,美国劳工部率先撤销拜登时期对加密货币纳入 401(k) 的限制性指导意见,为这一步铺平道路。与此同时,联邦住房金融局也要求房利美(Fannie Mae)与房地美(Freddie Mac)将借款人持有的加密资产纳入住房抵押贷款评估体系,显示特朗普政府正试图在多个层面将加密资产纳入美国经济主流。

市场测算,如果 401(k) 计划仅将 2% 的资产配置至加密货币,就意味着约 1,700 亿美元的新增资金流入——相当于现有加密现货 ETF 和上市储备市值的三分之二。这样的资金体量,足以令整个加密市场沸腾。

不过,政策落地并非立刻奏效。行政命令要求劳工部与美国证监会(SEC)制定详细的监管细则,并为 401(k)计划管理方设立“安全港”机制,以降低其因提供高风险资产而可能面临的法律风险。监管框架的制定,可能需要数月甚至数年,投资比例与具体资产范围也有待明确。但即便如此,其象征意义与潜在冲击,已足以点燃市场的想象力。

州级先行试水,机构抢跑布局

在联邦政策尚未完全落地之前,一些州政府已经率先试水。

北卡罗来纳州在 2025 年 3 月提出《北卡罗来纳数字资产投资法案》(House Bill 92),授权州财政部长可将州公共退休基金最高 5% 的资产投资于比特币等数字资产。法案支持者、共和党众议员 Mike Schietzelt 称,这为州财政健康“打开了新的资产类别”。截至 2025 年 5 月,该法案已在州众议院通过,参议院仍在审议中。

威斯康星州与密歇根州则已走在前列。2024 年 5 月,威斯康星州投资委员会披露,已购买价值约 1.6 亿美元的比特币现货 ETF(主要投向贝莱德 ETF),占其逾 1,000 亿美元养老基金的 0.1%。虽然 9 月缩减至 1.04 亿美元,但已成为美国州级养老金配置加密的先例。密歇根州则在 2024 年 7 月披露,其养老基金购入约 650 万美元的比特币 ETF,纳入州政府雇员及教师的退休投资组合。

亚利桑那州同样积极。2025 年 2 月,共和党州参议员 Jake Hoffman 提案,建议州退休系统考虑配置比特币 ETF。

这些投资规模虽不算庞大,但被视为州级养老金“试水”的信号,为其他州提供了参考样本。

与此同时,华尔街机构也在敏锐捕捉政策风向,加速布局以抢占 401(k)市场先机。富达投资(Fidelity),管理 5.9 万亿美元资产的行业巨头,于 2024 年 4 月推出支持加密货币的退休账户产品,允许投资者通过自选经纪账户(Self-Directed Brokerage, SDB)投资于比特币和以太坊现货 ETF。

Blackstone 总裁 Jon Gray 表示,另类资产领域的头部机构将率先受益于 401(k)新政,预计吸引数千亿美元资金流入。Blackstone 正与摩根士丹利合作开发面向 401(k)计划的私募股权投资工具,降低进入门槛以吸引中小投资者。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)与道富银行(State Street)合作,推出包含私募股权的目标日期基金(TDF),专为退休储蓄设计,兼顾收益与风险控制。贝莱德(BlackRock)也在积极开发支持加密现货 ETF 和房地产投资信托(REITs)的 401(k)产品,其数字资产负责人 Robert Mitchnick 表示,正与养老基金管理人进行深入研究和教育,助力其了解加密资产投资。

这些州级和机构的动作表明,无论是地方政策试验还是华尔街的战略布局,都在为 401(k)开放另类资产铺路。加密货币作为高风险高回报的资产类别,正逐步融入美国退休储蓄体系。

资金流向具体何处?加密赛道迎新机遇

9 万亿美元的 401(k)资产基数,让加密市场看到了前所未有的增量想象,即便仅有小比例资金流入,也可能显著推高比特币、以太坊等主流加密资产的价格。尤其是加密现货 ETF,在合规性、托管安全与流动性方面均具优势,或将成为首批获益的资金承载体。

此前在机构主导的新资金周期中,流动性高、透明度强的标的更易获青睐。除比特币、以太坊现货 ETF 外,SOL、XRP、LTC、DOGE 等项目也有较大概率获得 ETF 批准,从而受益于这一波退休金流入浪潮。

401(k)

市场争议与风险警示

尽管市场热情高涨,学术界和监管层对另类资产的高风险特性表达了强烈担忧。

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学教授 Jeffrey Hooke 直言,将私募股权和加密货币纳入 401(k)是个“坏主意”。他指出,私募股权流动性差、费用高昂,长期收益未必优于传统股市;而加密货币因波动性极高(例如 2022 年比特币暴跌超 60%)和历史较短,难以作为退休储蓄的可靠选择。

专门代理 401(k)高收费诉讼的 Schlichter Bogard 律所合伙人 Jerry Schlichter 警告:“普通人的退休目标是安全和稳定,加密货币充满未知风险,短期到中期波动剧烈,不适合作为养老资产的核心。”

民主党人也对政策持谨慎态度。参议员 Elizabeth Warren 等人批评《天才法案》的监管框架过于宽松,担心允许大企业发行私有加密货币可能动摇金融系统稳定。他们形容普通储户可能沦为“政策实验的小白鼠”,呼吁更严格的监管和风险评估。

结语

特朗普的行政命令,正在为加密与另类资产行业推开一扇前所未有的政策之门。若数万亿美元的 401(k)资金分批流入,这不仅会改变资金流向,也将提升加密资产在主流金融体系中的合法性与话语权。

但机会伴随风险。监管细则的制定、市场教育的普及以及投资比例的设定,都将决定这场变革的实际成色。未来几个月,投资者需密切跟踪劳工部与 SEC 的后续动作,以及机构资金的真实落地节奏。

对于加密市场而言,这或许不仅是一场资金盛宴,更可能是加密资产真正走向主流金融舞台的关键拐点。

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