香港发布稳定币申请指引:首批牌照或于明年初落地,KYC 为必选项

比推Pubblicato 2025-07-30Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-07-30

作者:Nancy,PANews

原文标题:解读香港稳定币申请指引:预计明年初发放首批牌照,持有人需完成身份认证


香港稳定币监管正在加速迈入实质性阶段。

随着《稳定币条例》将于2025年8月1日正式生效,香港金融管理局于7月29日同步发布了一系列配套监管文件,包括《持牌稳定币发行人监管指引》、《打击洗钱及恐怖分子资金筹集指引(持牌稳定币发行人适用)》、《稳定币发行人发牌制度摘要说明》等,构建起一套覆盖申请、营运、资产管理与反洗钱合规的全流程监管框架。

这套指引不仅为稳定币市场提供清晰的申请路径和合规标准,也展示香港在强化风险防控的同时,为稳定币创新发展留出政策空间。本文将梳理相关稳定币指引政策要点,深入解读监管要求与实践路径。

明年初公布首批稳定币牌照,未能申请的公司需在11月前退出业务

“发牌将是一个持续进行的过程,如个别机构认为已准备充分并希望尽早获得考虑,应于9月30日之前向香港金管局提交申请。”香港金管局表示。

目前,金管局尚未发出任何牌照,预计最快2026年初公布首批获发牌照的稳定币发行人,重点将聚焦跨境贸易与Web3应用。首阶段只会发出数个牌照,通过门槛较高,并会优先处理9月30日前提交的申请,金管局会将持牌的稳定币发行人的名称在香港金管局网站上公布。

而在香港《稳定币条例》于8月1日起生效后,对于目前已经在香港设有具意义且实质业务的法币稳定币发行人,金管局设置了为期6个月(即直到2026年1月31日)过渡期,包括向有能力遵守监管规定的发行人发出临时牌照。其中,稳定币条例生效后的首3个月内(即2025年10月31日前),有意申请牌照的原有发行人需要提交发牌申请及相关证明文件,包括业务计划和法律合规声明,并委派人员开展指定活动。若成功提交申请并获金管局确认的发行人,可2026年1月31日前继续从事受规管稳定币活动。

如果未能按时完成申请、被拒绝或撤回申请,这部分发行人将于2025年11月1日进入的为期一个月的结业期,期间需有序退出业务,并接受金管局严格监管,包括资产保存及活动限制等措施。结业期后继续进行或显示自己进行受规管稳定币活动的实体将违反条例并属犯罪。需要注意的是,仅在香港设立公司或在香港开展空壳业务,不足以被视为原有稳定币发行人。

推行KYC规则,未来考虑设立更高监管门槛

在风险管理方面,持牌稳定币发行人仅可委托经认可的服务提供者进行法定稳定币的要约发行,该等发行行为必须获得牌照批准。认许提供者包括持牌人、银行业条例认可机构、已获支付牌照实体、获批且符合《反洗钱条例》的虚拟交易平台,以及获得香港证监会批准的1号牌持牌机构。

同时,金管局明确要求托管资产必须与持牌人自有资产严格隔离,定期披露储备资产管理政策及审计结果,且持牌人需采用多重签名、预铸币机制、安全私钥管理、智能合约安全审计和所见即所签等技术措施,并建议结合链下预演的方式进行多重校验,提升风险防御层级。除技术与资产层面外,指引还强调稳定币发行机构必须具备清晰的董事会架构和完善的内控体系。

为香港稳定币市场打造安全合规的环境,金管局在出台的《打击洗钱及恐怖分子资金筹集指引(持牌稳定币发行人适用)》中,明确了反洗钱方面的监管要求,包括风险评估、客户尽职审查、持续监控、稳定币转账合规及可疑交易报告等。其中,在持续监控中,金管局要求持牌稳定币发行人采取有效措施识别和核实稳定币持有人的身份,客户需接受完整的客户尽职审查(CDD)程序并定期审查(如姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码等,至少保留5年);非客户持有人通常不需直接核实身份,但当监控发现与非法活动、制裁名单或可疑来源相关的钱包地址,且持牌人无法证明其风险缓解措施(如区块链分析工具)足以防范ML/TF风险时,持牌人需进一步调查并核实相关持币者的身份。

针对稳定币持有人需完成身份认证这一要求,业内人士也提出了担忧,认为这或限制稳定币的用户数量和规模。

值得一提的是,金管局还表示,将继续探索与其他司法管辖区建立监管互认机制,关注国际上对系统性稳定币的监管动态,并适时考虑设立更高的监管门槛。

要求全额储备资产支持,可发行多币种稳定币

对于稳定币的储备资产支持能力,监管指引明确指出,所有已发行稳定币(包括被冻结或黑名单币)必须全额资产支持,合格的储备资产包括现金、银行存款、有价债务证券以及金管局认可的其他高质量、高流动性与低风险的资产。金管局会推行比例化监管原则,根据持牌人所持储备资产的种类与结构,实施差异化的风险缓解要求,但托管人必须为香港持牌银行,或具备同等资质的金融机构。

持牌人可依据市场需求发行锚定不同法币的“指明稳定币”,但新增币种必须获得金管局审批,持牌人还需证明具备相应的治理能力、技术能力及资源支持,以避免多币种管理风险外溢。为提升储备资产的灵活性和运用效率,金管局采取技术中立原则,允许持牌人以代币化形式持有合格资产作为储备,但须获得金管局的书面批准。在特殊情况下,金管局允许持牌人申请币种不匹配,但需获个案批准并提供合理解释。

此外,金管局要求持牌人不得就其发行稳定币支付利息,且不限制储备资产在境外托管,并允许委托第三方投资经理进行资产管理,前提是持牌人需确保资产的透明度、安全性与调度能力,并定期披露经审计的储备报告,以增强市场信心。

在发行、赎回与分销方面,指引要求持牌人建立高效、透明且用户友好的流程机制,要求赎回请求须在合理时间内处理,不得设置不合理门槛或收费。虽然《稳定币条例》规定须在一个工作日内处理赎回请求,但该时间要求是指在持有人完成了所需条件(如身份验证、资金路径确认等)后的处理时限,前期的合规审查时间不计入处理时限内。

值得注意的是,金管局并不强制要求稳定币发行人设置做市商机制,但若设立相关安排,需防范潜在的利益冲突与市场操纵风险。

为支持香港稳定币市场的全球化发展,金管局支持通过海外渠道进行分销,但发行人必须建立完善的合规和风险控制体系。此外,对于通过VPN访问相关服务的情形,监管坚持风险为本的原则,不一刀切封锁技术手段。

申请人需维持不少于2500万美元实缴资本,须设立香港本地办事处

任何拟从事稳定币发行与相关业务的机构,必须获得金管局批准。而申请人及持牌人需持续满足一定准则,以确保稳定币发行活动的合规性、稳健性及对投资者的保护。

根据要求,申请人必须为香港成立为法团的公司,或在香港以外成立为法团的认可机构。无论申请人为香港或海外法团,均需在香港设立实质性的运营据点,并在申请材料中明确香港运营安排,包括办公地点、常驻人员计划及联系方式。

同时,申请牌照需满足最低准则,包括财务资源、风险管理、信息披露和业务活动等方面。比如,申请人需具备足够的财务资源,须始终维持不少于2500万港元的实缴股本或经认可的等值财务资源;申请人需要提交相关文件,包括未来三年的业务计划和财务预算、过去三个财政年度的审计报告、反洗钱/反恐融资风险评估报告等相关文件;申请人高管及主要人员需具有相关知识和经验,且常驻香港,确保有效管理和监督,金管局可能与申请人的董事、行政总裁等进行面谈;申请人需制定并实施全面的风险管理政策和程序等。

从公申请流程来看,申请人应先与金管局进行初步非正式讨论,了解牌照要求,缩短后续申请处理时间;随着申请人需提交完整文件,包括申请表格、三年业务计划及财务预算、公司章程、组织架构图和风险管理政策等。如果申请人获批,金管局将记录持牌人信息并公布生效日期;反之,将书面通知申请人并说明理由。当然,申请人不能在申请未获批准前公开宣称已获牌照。

据香港金管局总裁余伟文于7月18日发文披露,至今已经有数十家机构主动接触金管局团队,有的明确表示有意申请稳定币牌照,有的属于初步探路性质。另据Cobo首席运营官Lily Z. King在香港01采访中表示,公司目前正在协助约50至60家潜在客户准备香港稳定币牌照申请,其中一半是支付机构,另一半是知名互联网公司,大部分是中资背景。但预计香港首阶段可能只会发出3至4个牌照,总数不超过10个。

截至目前,已有多家机构明确宣布申请稳定币牌照,包括京东币链科技、蚂蚁国际、渣打银行(香港)、圆币创新科技等。

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