“大漂亮法案”过了,美债发行潮也要来了

链捕手Pubblicato 2025-07-06Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-07-06

作者:华尔街见闻

 

随着特朗普政府的大规模减税与支出法案正式落地,为弥补未来数万亿美元的财政赤字,美国财政部或将开启短期国债的“供应洪流”。

市场已经开始对未来的供应压力做出反应。对短期国债供过于求的担忧,已直接体现在价格上——1个月期短期国债的收益率自本周一以来已出现明显上涨。这标志着市场焦点已从今年早些时候对30年期长债的抛售担忧,彻底转向了前端利率曲线。

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万亿赤字压顶,美国短期国债市场将迎“供应洪流”

新法案的落地,首先带来的是对未来财政状况的严峻预期。据无党派的国会预算办公室(CBO)测算,该法案将在2025至2034财年间,为美国增加高达3.4万亿美元的国家赤字。

面对巨大的融资需求,发行短期国债成为一个兼具成本效益与决策层偏好的选择。

首先,从成本看,当前一年期及以内的短期国债收益率虽已攀升至4%以上,但仍显著低于十年期国债接近4.35%的发行利率。对政府而言,在利息支出已成重负的当下,更低的即期融资成本足以构成强大的吸引力。

其次,这符合本届政府的明确偏好。此前,美国总统特朗普本人已表达过对发行短期票据而非长期债券的青睐。财政部长贝森特也向媒体表示,在当前节点增加长期债券的发行“没有意义”。

然而,这种策略并非没有风险。依赖短期融资可能会使借款人面临未来融资成本波动或更高的风险。一位匿名的加拿大债券投资组合经理所表示:

“任何时候当你用极短期的票据为赤字融资,都存在着发生冲击的风险,这可能会使融资成本面临风险。”

例如,如果通胀突然上升,美联储不得不考虑加息,那么随着国库券收益率上升,短期融资成本就会增加。此外,经济衰退和经济活动萎缩可能会导致储蓄减少,从而降低对短期票据的需求。

供需对决:7万亿流动性能否接住发债洪峰?

供应闸门即将大开,市场的承接能力成为新的核心议题。目前,市场对此似乎抱有信心,其底气来源于货币市场中积压的巨量流动性。

先看供给端。目前,美国财政部借款顾问委员会(TBAC)建议的短期国债占未偿还债务总额的比例上限为20%左右。但美银的利率策略师团队预测,为消化新增赤字,这一比例可能很快将攀升至25%。这意味着,市场需要准备好迎接远超官方建议水平的短期票据供应。

市场的关注点也因此发生了戏剧性转移。就在今年四五月份,投资者的焦虑还集中在30年期长期国债的抛售潮及其收益率飙升至5%以上的风险。而现在,聚光灯已完全打向了另一端:短期国债是否会因供应过剩而引发新的动荡?

来到需求端,景顺固定收益(Invesco Fixed Income)的北美投资级信贷主管Matt Brill认为,市场上高达7万亿美元的货币市场基金,正对前端债务(front end debt)存在“持续不断的需求”,而美国的财政部似乎也意识到了这一点。

宾夕法尼亚共同资产管理公司(Penn Mutual Asset Management)的总裁兼首席投资官马克·赫本斯托尔(Mark Heppenstall)则更为乐观,他表示:

“我不认为下一场危机会来自短期国债,有很多人想让资本运作起来,并且是在实际收益率看起来相当诱人的情况下。你可能会看到短期国债利率面临一些压力,但市场上仍有大量现金在涌动。

如果真的出现问题,美联储会想办法为任何供需失衡提供支持。”

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