桥水基金创始人:降息+货币贬值成政府必然选择

比推Pubblicato 2025-07-02Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-07-02

撰文:Ray Dalio

编译:White55,火星财经

原标题:桥水基金创始人:思考巨额政府债务和赤字时最重要的原则


原则如下:

当国家债务过多时,降低利率和贬值债务计价的货币是政府决策者最有可能采取的优先路径,因此押注这种情况发生是值得的。

在我撰写本文时,我们知道未来预计将出现巨额赤字和政府债务及债务偿还支出的显著增加。(你可以在我的著作中看到这些数据,包括我的新书《国家如何破产:大周期》;我上周也分享了我认为美国政治体系无法控制债务问题的原因)。我们知道债务偿还成本(支付利息和本金)将迅速增长,挤压其他支出,我们也知道,最乐观的情况下,债务需求增加与需要出售的债务供给相匹配的可能性极低。我在《国家如何破产》中详细阐述了我认为这一切的含义,并描述了我思考背后的机制。其他人也对此进行了压力测试,目前几乎完全同意我描绘的图景是准确的。当然,这并不意味着我不可能出错。你需要自己判断什么可能是真的。我只是将我的思考提供给大家来评估。

我的原则

正如我所解释的,基于我过去 50 多年投资的经验和研究,我开发并记录了一些原则,帮助我预测事件,以便成功押注。我现在处于人生中希望将这些原则传递给他人以提供帮助的阶段。此外,我认为要理解正在发生的事情和可能发生的事情,需要了解机制如何运作,因此我也试图解释我对原则背后机制的理解。以下是几个额外的原则以及我认为机制如何运作的解释。我认为以下原则是正确且有益的:

政府决策者应对债务过剩问题最隐蔽、因此最受青睐的同时也是最常用的方法是降低实际利率和实际汇率。

虽然降低利率和货币汇率以应对过多债务及其问题可以在短期内起到缓解作用,但它会减少对货币和债务的需求,并造成长期问题,因为它降低了持有货币 / 债务的回报,从而降低了债务作为财富存储的价值。久而久之,这通常导致债务增加,因为较低的实际利率具有刺激性,使问题恶化。

总而言之,当债务过多时,利率和货币汇率往往会被压低。

这对经济状况来说是好还是坏?

两者兼有,短期内往往是好的且广受欢迎,但长期来看是有害的,会导致更严重的问题。降低实际利率和实际货币汇率是…

…短期内是有益的,因为它具有刺激性,往往会推高资产价格……

…但在中期和长期是有害的,因为:a) 它使持有这些资产的人获得较低的实际回报(由于货币贬值和较低的收益率),b) 它导致更高的通货膨胀率,c) 它导致更大的债务。

无论如何,这显然无法避免过度支出和债务深陷的痛苦后果。以下是其运作机制:

当利率下降时,借款人(债务人)将受益,因为这降低了债务偿还成本,使借贷和购买的成本更低,从而推高投资资产价格并刺激增长。这就是为什么短期内几乎所有人都对降低利率感到满意。

但与此同时,这些价格上涨掩盖了将利率降至不理想的低水平所带来的不良后果,这对贷款人和债权人都是不利的。这些都是事实,因为降低利率(尤其是实际利率),包括央行压低债券收益率,会推高债券和大多数其他资产的价格,从而导致未来回报降低(例如,当利率降至负值时,债券价格上涨)。这还导致更多债务,从而在未来造成更大的债务问题。因此,贷款人 / 债权人持有的债务资产的回报减少,从而产生了更多的债务。

较低的实际利率还倾向于降低货币的实际价值,因为它使货币 / 信贷的收益率相对于其他国家的替代品更低。这让我来解释为什么降低货币汇率是政府决策者处理债务过剩的首选且最常见方式。

较低的货币汇率之所以受到政府决策者的青睐,并在向选民解释时看似有利,有两个原因:

1) 较低的货币汇率使本国商品和服务相对于货币升值的国家的商品和服务更便宜,从而刺激经济活动并推动资产价格上涨(尤其是在名义价值上),并且…

2) …它使偿还债务变得更容易,这种方式对持有债务资产的外国人比对本国公民更为痛苦。这是因为,另一种「硬通货」做法需要收紧货币和信贷政策,这会导致实际利率居高不下,进而抑制支出,通常意味着痛苦的服务削减和 / 或增税,以及公民不愿接受的更严格的贷款条件。相比之下,正如我将在下文解释的那样,较低的货币利率是一种「隐性」的偿还债务的方式,因为大多数人没有意识到他们的财富正在减少。

从贬值的货币角度来看,较低的货币汇率通常也会提高外国资产的价值。

例如,如果美元贬值 20%,美国投资者可以用价值降低 20% 的货币支付给持有美元计价债务的外国人(即,持有债务资产的外国人将承受 20% 的货币损失)。较弱货币的危害不太明显但确实存在,即持有较弱货币的人购买力和借贷能力下降——购买力下降是因为他们的货币购买力减少,借贷能力下降是因为债务资产的购买者不愿意购买以价值下降的货币计价的债务资产(即承诺获得货币的资产)或货币本身。之所以不明显,是因为在货币贬值的国家(例如,使用美元的美国人)中的大多数人不会看到他们的购买力和财富下降,因为他们以自己的货币衡量资产价值,这造成了资产升值的错觉,尽管他们资产计价的货币价值在下降。例如,如果美元下跌 20%,美国投资者如果只关注他们持有的资产以美元计价的价值上升,就不会直接看到他们在外国商品和服务上的购买力损失了 .20%。然而,对于持有美元计价债务的外国人来说,这将是明显且痛苦的。随着他们越来越担心这种情况,他们会抛售(卖出)债务计价的货币和 / 或债务资产,导致货币和 / 或债务进一步疲软。

总结来说,仅通过本国货币的视角看问题显然会造成扭曲的视角。例如,如果某物(例如黄金)的价格以美元计价上涨了 20%,我们会认为那件东西的价格上涨,而不是美元的价值下降。大多数人持有这种扭曲视角的事实,使得这些处理过多债务的方式「隐秘」且在政治上比其他替代方案更容易被接受。

这种看待事物的方式多年来发生了很大变化,尤其是从人们习惯于金本位货币体系到如今习惯于法定 / 纸币货币体系(即货币不再由黄金或任何硬资产支持,这种情况在 1971 年尼克松将美元与黄金脱钩后成为了现实)。当货币以纸币形式存在并作为对黄金的债权(我们称之为金本位货币)时,人们认为纸币的价值会上升或下降。其价值几乎总是下降,唯一的问题是它下降的速度是否快于持有法定货币债务工具所获得的利率。现在,世界已经习惯于通过法定 / 纸币的视角看待价格,他们有了相反的看法——他们认为物价上涨,而不是货币价值下降。

因为 a) 以金本位货币计价的物价和 b) 金本位货币的数量,历史上比 a) 以法定 / 纸币计价的物价; b) 法定 / 纸币计价的物价数量稳定得多,所以我认为以金本位货币的视角看待物价可能是更准确的方式。显然,各国央行也持有类似的观点,因为黄金已成为其持有的第二大货币(储备资产),仅次于美元,领先于欧元和日元,部分原因是出于这些原因,部分原因是黄金被没收的风险较低。

法定货币和实际利率的下降幅度,以及非法定货币(如黄金、比特币、银等)的上升幅度,历来(而且从逻辑上讲也应该)取决于其相对供求关系。例如,无法用硬通货支撑的巨额债务会导致货币和信贷大幅宽松,从而导致实际利率和实际货币汇率的大幅下降。最近一次发生这种情况的重大时期是 1971 年至 1981 年的滞胀时期,这导致了财富、金融市场、经济和政治环境的巨大变化。基于现有债务和赤字的规模(不仅在美国,其他法定货币国家也是如此),未来几年可能出现类似的巨大变化。

无论这种说法是否正确,债务和预算问题的严重性似乎是毋庸置疑的。在这样的时期,拥有硬通货是件好事。迄今为止,以及在世界各地许多世纪以来,黄金一直是硬通货。最近,一些加密货币也被视为硬通货。出于某些原因,我不再赘述,但我更喜欢黄金,尽管我确实持有一些加密货币。

一个人应该持有多少黄金?

虽然我不是要给你具体的投资建议,但我会分享一些帮助我形成这一问题观点的原则。在考虑持有黄金与债券的比例时,我会思考它们的相对供求关系以及持有它们的相对成本和回报。例如,目前美国国债的利率大约为 4.5%,而黄金的利率为 0%,如果认为黄金价格在下一年会上涨超过 4.5%,那么持有黄金是合乎逻辑的;如果不认为黄金会上涨 4.5%,则持有黄金是不合理的。为了帮助我做出这一评估,我会观察两者的供求关系。

我也知道黄金和债券可以互相分散风险,因此我会考虑为了良好的风险控制应该持有多少比例的黄金和债券。我知道,持有大约 15% 的黄金可以有效地分散风险,因为它能为投资组合带来更好的回报 / 风险比。通胀挂钩债券也有同样的效果,所以值得考虑在典型的投资组合中同时加入这两种资产。

我与你们分享这个观点,而不是告诉你们我认为市场将会如何变化,或者建议你们应该持有多少种资产,因为我的目标是「授人以鱼,不如授人以渔」。

说明: 比推所有文章只代表作者观点,不构成投资建议

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