OP_RETURN扩容风波再起 比特币究竟是什么?

金色财经Pubblicato 2025-07-02Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-07-02

Jessy,金色财经

6月9日消息,比特币核心开发者计划在今年10月发布比特币核心软件第30版,该版本将不再过滤包含大量非金融数据的OP_RETURN输出。这一变更将把默认的数据载体限制从目前的80字节增加至接近4MB,同时允许节点运营商手动修改-datacarrier和-datacarriersize参数。

此消息一出,立刻引发了 比特币社区内的激烈讨论,提案支持者认为这是释放链上创新潜力的必要一步,而反对者则视其为对比特币核心价值的背叛,情绪之激烈甚至导致部分比特币持有者清仓离场。

OP_RETURN扩容风波已经持续了近两年,当下虽然核心开发者们计划在10月份更新的比特币核心软件中践行扩容,但是争议仍然继续,这并不是最终的结果。

扩容是什么?为什么会引发争议

风波最早是从2023年7月份时开启。

2023 年 7 月 23 日,核心开发者也是扩容派的核心推动者Peter Todd 提交了 PR#28130,提议移除 OP_RETURN 携带数据的限制,未果。

OP_RETURN 是比特币脚本中的一个操作码,用于在比特币交易中嵌入少量数据。它允许用户将数据存储在区块链上,但这些输出是“不可花费的”(provably unspendable),因此不会增加 UTXO(未花费交易输出)集的负担。当前 Bitcoin Core 的默认限制是 OP_RETURN 数据大小为 80 字节,并且通过节点策略(而非共识规则)限制传播大于 83 字节的 OP_RETURN 交易。

2025 年 4 月 28 日,Peter Todd 再次提交了相同内容的提议 PR#32359,同时instagibbs 提出了一个相对温和的提议 PR#32406,建议暂时保留配置选项,但默认不进行限制。 6 月 9 日,比特币核心开发者 Gloria Zhao 在 GitHub 上发文表示,计划于 10 月 30 日发布的 Bitcoin Core 30 更新将取消 OP_RETURN 功能的 80 字节限制,允许每个输出携带高达 4 兆字节的数据。目前,该变更引发的争议仍在持续,社区内对于这一变化的看法存在较大分歧。

这些推动扩容的开发者们的核心主张大致是,当下80字节限制阻碍关键应用发展。比如如符合 W3C 可验证凭证标准的数据嵌入需要 96 字节以上的空间,增强型闪电网络原子交换元数据以及 RGB 协议的复杂状态证明等也可能因 80 字节的限制而受到影响,导致无法完整或高效地实现相关功能。

此消息一出,在比特币社区内再次引发了激烈的辩论,正反方们各执一词,反对者们也在用行动表达抗议。如在6月11日,矿池OCEAN副总裁Jason Hughes宣布将出售其所有比特币并退出该行业,以抗议最近的OP_RETURN变更决定。

这场蔓延了近两年的扩容争端,每次只要有了最新的进展,就会引发大量的讨论,但是更多的讨论都是Bitcoin Core 开发团队内部意见不一,以及由此引发的比特币的极度信仰者们之间的争论。比如部分开发者认为小幅扩容风险可控且益处明显;另一派则强烈反对,担心滑向功能膨胀的深渊。技术讨论迅速升级为理念之争。

有意思的是,主流的矿池、交易所们却一般不对此表态。

争议的核心:比特币的终极角色是什么?

支持者们首先从中本聪的设计初衷出发,他们认为中本聪时代的比特币协议对 OP_RETURN 没有任何数据大小限制,移除 80 字节限制是回归比特币的原始精神,符合其作为开放系统的本质,技术应保持开放,用途由社区创新决定。而当前的 80 字节限制可通过直接提交矿工 mempool(如 MARA Slipstream)或者无限制节点(如 Libre Relay)来绕过,形同虚设,所以移除限制实际上不会带来更多风险。

另一方面,扩容也会降低网络负担,如铭文等协议目前通过多笔交易来存储超过 80 字节的数据,移除限制后,铭文可以直接通过 OP_RETURN 存储数据,减少不必要的多笔交易,从而降低对网络的压力。

另外扩容之后还可以增加矿工的收入,随着比特币每四年一次的减半,矿工收入减少,允许大尺寸 OP_RETURN 交易可以让矿工通过竞争区块空间获得更多收入,激励矿工持续投入算力,巩固比特币网络的安全性。

而反对者们最主要的观点是认为此举将挤占区块空间,移除限制可能导致更多非交易数据(如垃圾信息、低价值代币等)写入链上,挤占区块空间,进而推高交易费用,影响比特币作为价值转移网络的效率和实用性。并且这违背了比特币作为价值转移网络的设计初衷,可能使区块链沦为数据存储平台,将图像、文本和音频等远离区块链,保持比特币的 “纯粹性” 用于记账而非数据存储。

另外Bitcoin Core移除配置选项(如 -datacarrier 和 -datacarriersize则被认为剥夺了用户自主选择的权利,强制采用 “家长式” 策略,而保留配置选项更符合中本聪 “一 CPU 一票” 的去中心化理念。

而争议如此激烈,本质上大家在讨论的则是比特币在这个世界上的终极角色是什么?是纯粹、不可篡改的“数字黄金”和价值存储基石?还是一个支持有限但有用应用的底层结算层?

OP_RETURN 扩容触及这一根本哲学分歧。反对者认为任何应用化尝试都是对“神圣性”的亵渎;支持者认为适度进化方能生生不息。时代在变,后起公链不断,而比特币再次站在了选择的十字路口。

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