B2 Ventures 创始人:传统金融的深层流动性问题是加密市场潜在的结构性风险

深潮Pubblicato 2025-06-16Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-06-16

加密市场虽快速增长,却面临流动性零散脆弱的问题。

撰文:Arthur Azizov,B2 Ventures 创始人

编译:善欧巴,金色财经

尽管加密行业增长迅速、以去中心化为理想,其流动性却依然零散而脆弱——这反映了传统金融隐藏的风险,也使得在市场情绪变化时,整个市场暴露在突发性冲击之下。

虽然加密货币具有去中心化的特性并承诺带来革新,但它归根结底仍是一种「货币」。而所有货币都无法逃离当前市场结构的现实。

随着加密市场的发展,它越来越像传统金融工具的生命周期演化过程。「流动性的幻觉」成了最迫切、却又最少被讨论的问题之一,这是整个市场成熟过程中不可避免的副产品。

2024 年,全球加密货币市场总估值为 2.49 万亿美元,预计到 2033 年将翻倍至 5.73 万亿美元,未来十年复合年增长率为 9.7%。

然而,在这强劲增长之下,隐藏着巨大的脆弱性。正如外汇和债券市场一样,加密市场如今面临所谓的「幽灵流动性」问题:在市场平稳时看起来流动性充足的订单簿,在剧烈波动中却瞬间干涸。

流动性的幻觉

外汇市场每日交易量超过 7.5 万亿美元,历来被认为是最具流动性的市场。然而,即便是这个市场,如今也开始显现出脆弱性。

一些金融机构和交易员开始警惕所谓的市场深度幻觉。在最具流动性的货币对如欧元 / 美元(EUR/USD)上,也频繁出现滑点。在 2008 年金融危机后,没有任何一家银行或做市商愿意在市场抛售时承担仓储风险(即持有波动资产的风险)。

2018 年,摩根士丹利指出流动性风险的结构性转移:金融危机后更高的资本要求迫使银行退出流动性提供领域。风险并没有消失,只是转移到了资产管理人、ETF 以及算法交易系统手中。

曾几何时,指数基金和 ETF 如雨后春笋般崛起。2007 年,指数类基金仅持有 MSCI 世界自由流通股的 4%,而到 2018 年,这一比例已翻三倍至 12%,部分标的甚至高达 25%。这造成了一个结构性错配——看似流动的金融产品,实则承载着流动性极低的资产。

ETF 和被动基金承诺「进出自由」,但其中持有的资产(尤其是公司债券)在市场剧烈波动时,常常难以兑现预期。剧烈波动中,ETF 往往比底层资产被抛售得更猛烈;市场制造商则会拉大买卖价差,甚至完全退出交易,因为他们不愿意在混乱中接盘。

这一现象,原本只发生在传统金融,如今却正在加密市场中「熟练地」重演。链上活跃度、中心化交易所订单簿和交易量或许看起来很健康,但当情绪转变时,市场深度往往瞬间蒸发。

加密市场的「流动性幻觉」正在浮出水面

这种加密市场的流动性幻觉并非新鲜事。2022 年市场低迷期间,即使是主流代币,在顶级交易所也出现了明显滑点和价差扩大。

近期 Mantra 的 OM 代币暴跌就是又一次警示 —— 当市场情绪急剧转变时,买盘会瞬间消失,价格支撑随之蒸发。原本在平静时期看似深厚的市场,会在压力之下迅速崩塌。

问题的根源在于:加密的市场基础设施仍然高度碎片化。与股票或外汇市场不同,加密资产的流动性分布在多个交易所上,每个平台都有自己的订单簿和做市体系。

对于市值排名 20 名以外的「二线」代币来说,这种碎片化尤其严重。它们通常在多家交易所上市,但没有统一的定价机制或统一的做市商支持,更多依赖的是一些任务导向的市场参与者。看似有流动性,实则缺乏真实深度与协调性。

更糟的是,一些项目方和市场参与者为博眼球或获取上币机会,会刻意制造虚假流动性。刷单、虚假交易量、挂单诱骗等行为在中小交易所尤为常见。

这些「造假者」一旦遇到波动便立刻撤离,让散户独自面对价格暴跌的风险。流动性不只是「脆弱」,有时甚至是「伪造」的。

解决方案:从协议层统一流动性

要真正解决流动性碎片化的问题,必须在基础协议层实现深度整合。这意味着:跨链桥接与路由功能应内嵌于区块链核心架构之中,而非事后补丁。

目前,部分 Layer 1 区块链已开始采用这种新架构设计,将资产流转视为区块链本身的核心机制。这种思路有助于统一流动性池,减少碎片化现象,并在全市场范围内实现更流畅的资金流通。

与此同时,底层基础设施也有了巨大提升:曾经需要 200 毫秒执行的订单,如今仅需 10~20 毫秒。亚马逊、谷歌等云生态通过集群间的 P2P 消息机制,已支持全链内交易处理。

这一性能层不再是限制,而是加速器:让做市商和交易机器人能在全球范围内实现实时运作。值得注意的是,目前加密市场中高达 70%~90% 的稳定币交易量 来自于自动化交易系统。

不过,高性能的「水管」系统只是基础。更重要的是要与协议级的智能互操作性和统一的流动性路由机制配合,否则就像是在碎裂的土地上造高铁——跑得快,但方向不一。

但现在,这一切的基础设施已经具备,足以支撑更大的金融体系搭建。

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