中国四地同步核查境外收入,Web3 从业者如何应对?

深潮Pubblicato 2025-05-13Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-05-13

Web3从业者应重视境外加密资产所得申报并采取合理税务安排。

作者:FinTax

新闻概述

2025年3月25日至26日,中国湖北、山东、上海、浙江四地税务机关在48小时内同步发布公告,针对中国境内居民的境外收入申报问题开展集中核查。中国于2014年9月正式承诺实施CRS框架下的金融账户涉税信息自动交换标准(AEOI),并于2018年9月完成与其他CRS参与国家(地区)的首次信息交换,涵盖英国、法国、德国、瑞士、新加坡等主要国家,以及开曼群岛、英属维尔京群岛(BVI)、百慕大等传统避税地的账户余额、投资收益等核心数据。本次中国四地税务部门识别出多起典型案例,追缴金额从12.72万元至126.38万元不等,并采用“提示提醒、督促整改、约谈警示、立案稽查、公开曝光”的五步工作法推进整改。

FinTax简评

1.公告特点解读

本次税务核查呈现出两大鲜明特点。第一个特点是境外所得的核查对象扩大,面向中产阶级群体。与以往重点监管高净值人士的境外收入不同,本次核查的纳税人资产规模与收入层级属于中等偏上的收入范畴,例如浙江税务部门公布的典型案例中补税金额为12.72万元,这一转变表明中国内地税务机关已开始关注中等收入群体的境外所得。

第二个特点是四地税务部门的核查范围协同互补。一方面,浙江的民营资本跨境流动、上海的离岸金融交易、山东的传统制造业出海、湖北的新型制造业,实质上覆盖了中产阶级境外收入的主流场景。另一方面,多地协同发布核查公告,可能意味更高层面的统一指示,也意味着从前个人对境外所得“自觉申报”将逐渐变为税务机关对境外所得的严格实质稽查。

2.中国内地如何对居民的境外所得征税?

中国对税收居民个人实行全球征税原则,这一原则自1998年《境外所得个人所得税征收管理暂行办法》出台即已确立并沿用至今,2020年年初,财政部和税务总局发布了《关于境外所得有关个人所得税政策的公告》(财政部、税务总局公告2020年第3号,以下简称“3号公告”),进一步对中国居民个人境外收入的税务处理及征收管理进行了明确。全球征税原则的根基在于维护国家税收主权与实现社会公平,基于这一原则,中国内地对居民境外所得征税的要求大致如下:

纳税人方面,根据《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》,满足以下任一条件的个人即被认定为“中国税收居民”:1.境内有住所:指因户籍、家庭、经济利益关系在中国境内形成习惯性居住的个人,即使长期在境外工作或生活,只要未放弃户籍或家庭联系,仍可能被认定为居民。2.境内居住满183天:在一个纳税年度内(1月1日-12月31日)累计居住达183天的个人,即使无住所,也视为居民。

应税所得范围方面,居民个人从中国境内和境外取得的全部所得,应依中国个人所得税法申报、缴纳个人所得税,但是,如果无住所个人一个纳税年度在中国境内累计居住满183天的,但此前六年的任一年在中国境内累计居住天数不满183天或者单次离境超过30天,该纳税年度来源于中国境外且由境外单位或者个人支付的所得,免予缴纳个人所得税。

3.Web3从业者的纳税可能

3号公告明确了应税境外所得的类型,可分为来源于中国境外的综合所得(工资薪金所得、劳务报酬所得、稿酬所得、特许权使用费所得)、经营所得和其他所得(利息股息红利所得、财产转让所得、财产租赁所得、偶然所得),其分类标准与境内所得基本一致,但计税方式存在差异:例如境外综合所得和境外经营所得应当与境内综合所得和境内经营所得合并计算应纳税额,但居民个人来源于中国境外的其他分类所得,不与境内所得合并,应当分别单独计算应纳税额。

中国内地的加密资产税务处理,当前仍存在许多争议点,下文仅以几个常见场景为例说明:

对于境外持续运营的商业化挖矿行为,税务机关可能将其视为经营所得,允许扣除设备、电力等必要成本,这与其资本密集性和持续投入特征相匹配。但若矿工以个人身份进行挖矿,税务定性则陷入两难:若按偶然所得处理,虽契合收益的随机性特征,却因无法抵扣成本导致税负畸高;若参照财产转让所得,又因加密资产缺乏稳定估值基准,难以合理核定增值部分,易引发计税争议。

另一种常见情形,即中国内地居民通过加密资产交易获取收益时,商业实质的判定成为关键。如果存在固定场所、雇佣团队及持续性交易,有可能被认定为经营所得,高频交易者面临被升级为经营所得的风险,而普通投资者通常仅就增值部分纳税,但需要提供完整成本凭证,证明财产原值,从而避免重复课税和过高的核定利润率。

4.中国内地Web3从业者可关注什么?

针对逾期申报或故意隐匿境外收入的行为,中国内地税务机关构建了层次分明的法律责任体系。根据《税收征收管理法》第32条及第63条规定,纳税人未按期申报或虚假申报将产生税款追征、滞纳金累积、行政处罚乃至刑罚的递进式惩戒:自法定申报期限届满次日起,按日加收滞纳税款万分之五的滞纳金,形成巨大的财务压力;对于查实的偷逃税行为,除全额追缴税款外,将根据主观恶意程度、隐匿手段复杂性等因素,处以应补税款百分之五十至五倍的阶梯式罚款;若涉案金额达到刑事立案标准,将被移送司法机关追究刑事责任。

在全球税收透明化与监管科技升级的背景下,加密资产跨境所得的税务问题值得更多关注。目前,中国税务机关通过CRS信息交换等手段,已实现对境外账户余额、投资收益等核心数据的深入监管。Web3从业者可考虑合理进行税务安排的情况下,如实申报纳税。特别是从这次披露的几个案例来看,事后补缴的滞纳金和罚款成本远超原应缴纳的税费。具体而言,中国内地的Web3从业者可以从两方面着手防范风险:一是可以自行或借助专业人士的帮助,梳理过往的境外收入情况,判断是否产生应税所得,并采取补救措施;二是可以不断调整和更新自身的税务安排,在遵循相关法律法规的同时,尽可能减轻自身的税收负担。

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