以太坊正酝酿一场以 ZK 技术为主导深层次的技术变革

深潮TechFlowPubblicato 2025-04-21Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-04-21

Introduzione

以太坊试图构建的并非仅是更高效的执行层，而是一个能够兼容多种虚拟机的模块化架构。

撰文：Haotian
有朋友问我如何看 @VitalikButerin 提出用开源的 RISC-V 指令集架构替换以太坊虚拟机 EVM 字节码的激进方案？本质上，就是以太坊正酝酿一场以 ZK 技术为主导深层次的技术变革。来，我来梳理下背后的战略逻辑：
1）首先，Vitalik 提出将 EVM 替换为 RISC-V 的观点其实并不新鲜。早在提出 Rollup-Centric 扩容战略时，他就已经暗示过类似思路：让符合条件的 layer2 都可以成为主网的执行层，而 EVM 从协议层降级为「编内」Rollup 执行客户端功能层，成为众多 AltVM 之一。
这一转变的实现关键在于 RISC-V 作为更底层、更通用的指令集架构，能够为 zkVM 提供统一的「硬件」基础，从而使各种不同的执行环境能在同一框架下高效运行。而这一架构变革必须建立在以太坊完成底层 SNARKs 化部署的基础上，因为只有当 ZK 技术能够大规模应用于状态验证时，这种模块化的执行层架构才能在保证安全性的同时实现效率提升。
2）老实说，以太坊的这一战略调整乍看有「破釜沉舟、回炉再造」的魄力，但深层次剖析，执行层的可替代性其实是以太坊这类老牌强共识公链的必经之路。面对 Solana、Sui 等新锐公链凭借极致 TPS 形成的技术冲击，以及大量 EVM 兼容链的市场分流，以太坊选择与其被动挨打，不如主动出击。
因为，纯技术指标对比下，以太坊的 TPS 确实难以与 Solana、Sui 等新公链抗衡，但在三难困境中，以太坊始终坚守安全性和去中心化这两大核心价值，同时维系着无可匹敌的生态繁荣度和开发者群体。
若以太坊尝试用 RISC-V 这一开源指令集架构来提升执行层效率，特别是在 ZK 证明方面预期可带来 50-100 倍的性能飞跃，这种在不牺牲根基的前提下迭代执行层的策略，既保留了以太坊的核心优势，又直面解决其主要短板，何乐而不为？
3）不过为新提案兴奋喝彩之余要明白，EVM 向 RISC-V 的转型绝非一蹴而就的工程。从技术实现路径看，这一变革很可能需要等到 ZK-SNARKs 技术实现规模化部署后才能全面推进。
相较于过去几年以太坊核心层面的重大升级（如从 PoW 到 PoS 的共识层升级），理想情况下，整个过程需要严谨设计，广泛测试和强大社区支持，估计至少需要 2-3 年的周期。
然而，Vitalik 在提案中强调了向后兼容性，或许现有 EVM 合约将通过 RISC-V 解释器运行或并行支持机制继续存在，这对于减轻开发者和用户的过渡成本至关重要。这种渐进式变革策略，也是以太坊作为安全去中心化老公链必然要具备的稳健战略迭代风格。
在我看来，Vitalik 提出 RISC-V 替换 EVM 的提案，不仅是简单的技术架构调整，而是以太坊面对高性能公链竞争的主动应对革新策略。这一提案与以太坊路线图中的 Verge、Purge 等升级紧密相关，本质都是围绕底层 SNARKs 化展开，目标是建立更高效、更灵活的执行环境，以支撑未来多元化的应用场景。
之前， @drakefjustin 透露以太坊基金会将向 zkVMs 项目投资数千万美元，毫无疑问，zkVM 确实是以太坊未来的核心叙事之一，以太坊试图构建的并非仅是更高效的执行层，而是一个能够兼容多种虚拟机的模块化架构。这次 RISC-V 替换 EVM 的讨论可能只是一个开始。

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