「新美联储通讯社」:既不鸽也不鹰,鲍威尔现在看起来更像「鸭子」

marsbitPubblicato 2025-03-18Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-03-19

鲍威尔正陷入经济危机、政治压力与内部分歧的三重困境。

3 月 18 日,有「新美联储通讯社」之称的 Nick Timiraos 在《华尔街日报》发表文章,深入剖析了美联储主席鲍威尔所面临的困境。


文章指出,在鲍威尔的任期仅剩一年之际,他正面临职业生涯中最复杂的挑战:一方面是可能导致滞胀的关税威胁,另一方面是来自特朗普政府咄咄逼人的政治压力,更令人担忧的是,他的 18 位政策委员会同僚们正走向截然不同的方向。


这意味着,鲍威尔需要在贸易战和潜在的政策干预中维护美联储的独立性,并在内部不同的声音中保持平衡。


Timiraos 将鲍威尔比作一只「鸭子」:表面看似平静,既不鸽也不鹰,实则在浑浊的水下不断划水。


滞胀威胁升温


Timiraos 的文章开篇就点出了鲍威尔面临的核心困境:经济滞胀的威胁。


文章指出,贸易战带来的关税上涨可能推高物价,而经济增长却可能因此停滞或放缓。这迫使美联储官员们需要在降低利率以刺激需求,还是维持高利率以抑制通货膨胀之间做出艰难选择。


文章引用了 GlobalData TS Lombard 经济学家 Dario Perkins 的观点称:


「如果美联储现在降息,那很可能只是因为经济形势变得更糟。」


这句话准确地概括了鲍威尔面临的困境——他必须在控制通胀和维持经济增长之间找到平衡,否则美联储将面临进退两难的局面。


Timiraos 表示,通胀重燃的风险正在积聚:移民减少和政府削减计划可能影响劳动力供需,而大幅提高关税可能创造出「经济停滞与物价上涨的最糟组合。」


文章还特别提及了 2021 年期间美联储在应对疫情后通货膨胀时的失误。


当时,美联储认为价格上涨是「暂时性」的,最终被迫迅速收紧政策、大幅加息。 这种「前车之鉴」使得鲍威尔及其同事们在制定政策时更加谨慎,也更加关注贸易战对通胀的影响。


Timiraos 认为,如今,新任财长建议美联储应将关税引起的通胀视为暂时现象,但这可能是一个危险的建议。


特朗普「搅局」干预独立性


与特朗普首个任期相比,现在美联储面临的政治压力可能更大。 


尽管特朗普政府表示不会干预利率政策,但其行动似乎已间接威胁到美联储的独立性。


据文章描述,特朗普的前国家经济委员会主任 Kevin Hassett 在接受采访时批评了美联储在通货膨胀问题上的处理方式。


特朗普政府上月发布的一项行政命令赋予政府监督美联储监管议程的权力,虽然豁免货币政策,但执行方式仍存模糊性,间接限制了美联储的独立性。


更令人担忧的是,特朗普的司法部正在寻求推翻 1935 年出台的一项保护监管机构独立性的法律先例。如果这一先例被推翻,将极大地削弱美联储的自主性,使其更容易受到政治干预。


「同床异梦」的同僚


鲍威尔面临的挑战不仅来自外部,还来自内部。


Timiraos 指出,FOMC 成员的立场正出现分化,一些曾经的「鸽派」变成了「鹰派」,反之亦然。


文章还特别提及两位美联储理事:沃勒和鲍曼。


沃勒被一些人视为鲍威尔的潜在继任者,他最近表现出对降息的更为「鸽派」的姿态。去年 12 月时,沃勒曾使用特朗普风格的比喻形容美联储对抗通胀:


「我感觉像一个 MMA 格斗士,把通胀卡在锁喉状态,等待它认输。」


而鲍曼则在特朗普上任后被提名为美联储监管副主席,她公开反对美联储的降息政策。


这些不同的立场和政治抱负,使得鲍威尔在制定政策时需要更加谨慎,也增加了他在美联储内部协调的难度。

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