加拿大新总理马克·卡尼及其加密货币轶事

marsbitPubblicato 2025-03-11Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-03-12

2025 年 3 月 9 日,加拿大执政党自由党宣布,马克·卡尼以压倒性优势当选为该党新领导人。卡尼将接替现任总理特鲁多出任自由党领袖并组建新内阁,成为加拿大史上首位未经民选直接上任的总理。

加拿大新任总理马克·卡尼(Mark Carney)的职业生涯始终与金融体系紧密相连,从高盛集团高管到加拿大、英国两大央行的掌舵者,再到联合国气候行动特使,他的每一步跨越都伴随着对全球经济与金融创新的深度思考。

CBDC

图片:马克·卡尼,Source:视觉中国


早期立场:质疑比特币,但拥抱区块链

卡尼首次公开谈论加密货币可追溯至 2017 年 12 月。彼时,比特币价格飙升至历史高点,引发全球投机热潮。在伦敦的英国议会发表金融稳定证词时,作为英国央行行长的卡尼明确表示「比特币并非金融稳定的威胁」,认为其与传统金融系统关联有限,但提醒需警惕 ICO(首次代币发行)规避监管的风险。这一表态为他后续的立场奠定了基调,也就是区分加密货币的投机属性与其底层技术的潜力。 

2018 年 2 月,卡尼在伦敦摄政学院直言比特币「几乎未能通过货币的传统定义考验」。他进一步指出,比特币 2100 万枚的固定供应量存在「严重缺陷」,认为机械模仿金本位制是「货币健忘的犯罪行为」— 这一设计虽试图对抗通胀,却导致价格剧烈波动,使其成为「糟糕的短期价值储存工具」。他甚至举例警示:「若普通家庭用比特币借款支付日常开支,可能因币值暴跌陷入债务深渊。」然而,他同时强调区块链技术是「去中心化金融交易的革命性验证」,并透露英国央行正探索将分布式账本技术(DLT)应用于实时结算系统,以提升效率与安全性。

这种「否定投机、肯定技术」的二分法,成为他早期对加密货币的核心态度。


监管逻辑:打击非法,支持合规创新 

卡尼对加密货币的监管主张始终围绕两个关键词:透明度与责任。他多次指出匿名交易是洗钱与非法活动的温床,呼吁将加密资产交易所纳入与传统金融机构相同的监管框架。在支持央行数字货币(CBDC)的论述中,他特别强调其反恐与反经济犯罪潜力 — 通过可追溯的交易记录压缩黑市生存空间。 2018 年 1 月 G20 峰会期间,他推动将加密货币议题提上议程,主张国际协作以规范其与法币的兑换机制。 

对于私营机构发起的数字货币项目,卡尼展现出罕见的开放姿态。2019 年 6 月 Facebook 推出稳定币 Libra(后更名 Diem)时,他并未全盘否定,而是称其为「可能降低全球支付成本」的创新尝试,同时强调「必须提前建立最高标准的监管体系」。他甚至提出,一种由多国央行支持的「合成霸权货币」(SHC)或可替代美元成为国际储备货币,以应对全球化带来的金融体系失衡。这一设想虽未被广泛采纳,却折射出他对数字货币重塑国际金融秩序的深刻洞察。 


气候视角:能源争议与 CBDC 的优先性

2021 年,在斯坦福大学的一次活动上,作为联合国气候变化特使的卡尼谈论了他对加密货币的印象。他批评比特币挖矿的高耗能特性与中国禁矿政策的合理性,直言「气候变化已是生存挑战,我们不需要让问题更复杂的技术」。


CBDC


同年 5 月 13 日,他转发马斯克关于比特币支付的推文,呼吁建立「弹性、高性能且无碳的支付系统」,这一看似矛盾的举动实则暗合其政策优先级 — 他支持的是可持续的技术路径,而非特定加密资产。 

与此同时,他公开强调央行数字货币(CBDC)在安全性与可持续性上的优势。这一立场与他长期以来对 CBDC 的推崇一脉相承。早在 2017 年,卡尼便主导英国央行测试数字货币原型,认为其能「重构银行业流动性风险」,但也警告需平衡创新与金融稳定。2020 年卸任英国央行行长前夕,他再次强调 CBDC 的设计需保持审慎的态度,以避免冲击现有货币体系。

这种对「公共数字货币」的持续探索,与他对私营加密货币的保留态度形成鲜明对比 — 在卡尼的愿景中,未来金融系统的核心应由主权背书的数字货币锚定,而非去中心化的加密资产。 


推动加密支付落地

2021 年,卡尼加入美国支付巨头 Stripe 董事会。尽管该公司在 2018 年曾放弃比特币支付,但在其任职期间(2021 至 2025 年),Stripe 于 2022 至 2024 年陆续推出加密支付解决方案,包括支持稳定币结算与 Web3 钱包集成。并于 2024 年 4 月重新开始接受加密货币支付,同年 10 月,Stripe 以 11 亿美元的价格收购了稳定币平台 Bridge,这也是现有公开报道中加密货币行业历史上最大的一笔收购案例。

Stripe 的战略转型恰与卡尼对「高效合规支付系统」的追求不谋而合,也就是既拥抱区块链的效率,又规避监管的不确定性。 

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