美联储纪要:要看到通胀继续下降才能降息,但特朗普政策让通胀存在上行风险

marsbitPubblicato 2025-02-19Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-02-20

要点:

  • 美联储 1 月会议纪要显示,美联储官员在 1 月份会议上达成共识,认为在进一步降息之前,需要看到通胀继续下降。
  • 与会者指出,通胀前景存在上行风险,特别是与会者提到了贸易和移民政策可能发生变化的影响。
  • 会议纪要也提到,对经济前景存在相当大的乐观情绪,部分原因是市场预期政府监管的放松或税收政策的变化。
  • 官员们还讨论了是否放缓或暂停其近 6.8 万亿美元资产组合的缩减。「新美联储通讯社」Nick Timiraos 表示,这是因为在未来几个月,美联储面临着提高联邦债务上限所带来的复杂问题。

美联储会议纪要称,能在经济强劲时维持限制性的政策,希望在调整利率前看到进一步取得通胀进展。总体来看,会议纪要并未改变市场对美联储政策走向的预期。

美联储周三公布的 1 月会议纪要显示,美联储官员在 1 月份会议上达成共识,认为在进一步降息之前,需要看到通胀继续下降,并对美国总统特朗普的关税政策可能对通胀带来的影响表示担忧。


与会者:通胀改善后再降息

在 1 月会议上,联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)一致决定维持关键政策利率不变。会议纪要显示,在做出这一决定时,与会成员讨论了特朗普新政府可能带来的影响,包括有关关税的讨论以及减少监管和税收的潜在影响。委员会指出,相较于降息前的政策环境,目前的货币政策「明显不那么紧缩」,这使得成员们有时间在采取进一步行动前评估经济形势。

与会者表示,目前的政策提供了「时间来评估经济活动、劳动力市场和通胀的变化前景」,绝大多数成员认为,美联储当前政策立场仍具有一定的紧缩性。会议纪要表示:

「与会者指出,只要经济仍然接近最大就业水平,他们希望在采取进一步调整联邦基金利率目标区间之前,看到通胀进一步下降的进展。」

「许多与会者指出,如果经济保持强劲且通胀仍然高企,委员会可以将政策利率维持在限制性水平。」

官员们指出,他们担心财政政策变化可能会导致通胀维持在美联储目标之上。


美联储:特朗普政策让通胀存在上行风险

目前,美国总统特朗普已经实施了一些关税政策,但最近几天,他威胁要进一步扩大关税范围。

在周二与记者的谈话中,特朗普表示,他正在考虑对汽车、制药和半导体行业征收 25% 的关税,并将在今年内逐步加速实施。尽管他没有详细说明,但这些关税措施将使贸易政策进入新阶段,并在当前通胀有所缓解但仍高于美联储 2% 目标的情况下,进一步推高价格水平。

会议纪要显示,FOMC 成员提到,

「潜在贸易和移民政策变化的影响,以及强劲的消费者需求。多个地区的商业联系人表示,企业将尝试将潜在关税导致的更高投入成本转嫁给消费者。」

他们进一步指出:

「通胀前景存在上行风险,特别是与会者提到了贸易和移民政策可能发生变化的影响。」

自 1 月会议以来,大多数美联储官员在谈及政策走向时均保持谨慎态度。大多数人认为,当前利率水平允许他们有充足时间来评估如何推进政策调整。

除了美联储官员通常关注的就业和通胀问题,特朗普的财政和贸易政策计划也为决策增加了复杂性。

在对关税和通胀的担忧之外,会议纪要也提到,「对经济前景存在相当大的乐观情绪,部分原因是市场预期政府监管的放松或税收政策的变化。」

许多经济学家认为,特朗普计划实施的关税将加剧通胀,尽管美联储决策者表示,他们的政策反应将取决于这些关税是否仅带来一次性的价格上涨,还是会引发更深层次的通胀压力,从而需要采取政策应对。

近期的通胀指标表现不一,1 月份消费者价格指数(CPI)涨幅超出预期,而批发价格指数(PPI)则显示供应链上的价格压力有所减弱。

美联储主席鲍威尔普遍避免对关税可能带来的影响进行猜测。然而,其他官员已经表达了担忧,并承认特朗普的措施可能影响货币政策,可能会进一步推迟降息。

目前,美联储的基准隔夜拆借利率目标区间为 4.25%-4.5%。根据期货市场的定价,投资者目前预计 2025 年将有一次降息,甚至可能进行第二次降息,下一次降息可能会在 7 月或 9 月进行。


新美联储通讯社:或放缓甚至暂停缩表

华尔街见闻文章称,有「新美联储通讯社」的华尔街日报记者 Nick Timiraos 表示,美联储 1 月会议纪要显示,官员们在上个月的会议上讨论了是否放缓或暂停其近 6.8 万亿美元资产组合的缩减,因为在未来几个月,他们面临着提高联邦债务上限所带来的复杂问题。

Timiraos 指出,与债务上限相关的市场动态,可能导致美联储负债端的储备金(reserves)出现大幅波动。自 2022 年年中以来,美联储一直在缩减其资产负债表,以逆转新冠疫情期间的宽松货币政策 QE。不过,缩表过程最终将耗尽银行系统的储备金,而美联储官员们目前尚不确定这一过程要持续多久。

他指出,美国财政部将如何管理其现金余额所引发的货币市场波动,可能会使美联储确定正确的储备平衡的能力复杂化。

因此,根据会议纪要,官员们在 1 月会议上认为,「考虑暂停或放缓资产负债表的缩减,直到债务上限问题得到解决可能是合适的」。

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