日本稳定币市场现状:监管先行,发展待启

深潮Pubblicato 2024-09-27Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-09-27

尽管稳定币的监管框架已经建立超过一年,日元在稳定币市场中的份额仍然很小。

作者:Tiger Research Reports

编译:深潮TechFlow

要点总结:

  • 日本在主要国家中拥有最先进的稳定币监管框架之一,这得益于政府主导的增长和友好的 Web3 政策。

  • 然而,日本的稳定币应用场景有限。目前没有稳定币业务获得 EPISP 注册,也没有稳定币在当地交易所上市。这限制了稳定币在零售领域的使用。

  • 尽管如此,监管框架的存在具有重要意义,因为它为企业提供了更大的确定性。我们可以预见,日本的大型银行和企业(如索尼)将参与稳定币市场。

1. 介绍

日本的稳定币市场已经实现了稳定,这主要得益于明确的监管框架的建立。这一增长也得到了政府倡议以及执政的自由民主党旨在加速 Web3 产业的政策支持。日本积极开放的态度与许多其他国家对稳定币采取的不确定或限制性立场形成鲜明对比。因此,人们对日本 Web3 市场的未来充满乐观。本报告考察了日本的稳定币监管,并探讨了以日元作为支持的稳定币的潜在影响。

2. 日本的稳定币市场有望因监管进展而迅速发展

2022 年 6 月,日本为修订《支付服务法》(Payment Services Act,PSA)做好了准备,以建立稳定币的发行和经纪监管框架。这些修订于 2023 年 6 月生效。这标志着稳定币发行的正式开始。修订后的法律对稳定币进行了详细定义,明确了发行实体,并列出了进行稳定币交易所需的许可证。

2.1. 稳定币定义

根据日本修订后的《支付服务法》(PSA),稳定币被归类为“电子支付工具”(Electronic Payment Instruments,EPI),这意味着它们可以用于向不特定的多个收款人支付货物或服务。

来源:Tiger Research

然而,并不是所有稳定币都被归类为这一类型。根据修订后的《支付服务法》第 2 条第 5 款第 1 项,只有基于法定货币维持其价值的稳定币才被认可为电子支付工具。这意味着以加密货币(如比特币或以太坊)作为支持的稳定币,例如 MakerDAO 的 DAI,在该法律下不被归类为电子支付工具。这种区分是日本监管框架的一个重要特征。

2.2. 稳定币的发行实体

日本修订后的《支付服务法》(PSA)明确了哪些实体有权发行稳定币。稳定币只能由三种类型的实体发行:1)银行,2)资金转移服务提供商,3)信托公司。每种实体可以发行具有不同特征的稳定币。例如,它们在最大转账金额和收款人限制方面可能存在差异。

来源:MUFG

在这些发行实体中,最引人注目的类型可能是由信托公司发行的信托型稳定币。这是因为它们预计与日本当前的监管环境最为兼容,并且在特征上与 USDT 和 USDC 等常见稳定币非常相似。

日本监管机构表示,由银行发行的稳定币将受到某些限制。银行在严格监管下必须维持金融系统的稳定,但基于无许可的稳定币难以控制,可能与这一责任相冲突。因此,监管机构强调,银行发行的稳定币需要谨慎考虑,并可能需要进一步立法。

资金转移服务提供商同样面临一些限制。每笔交易的转账金额被限制在 100 万日元,目前尚不清楚是否可以向未进行 KYC(了解你的客户)验证的收款人进行转账。因此,由资金转移服务提供商发行的稳定币可能需要在此之前进行额外的监管更新。鉴于这些条件,最有可能出现的稳定币形式将是由信托公司发行的稳定币。

2.3. 稳定币相关的许可证

在日本,从事稳定币相关业务的实体必须注册为电子支付工具服务提供商(EPISP)以获得稳定币相关许可证。该要求是在 2023 年 6 月修订的《支付服务法》(PSA)中引入的。稳定币相关业务是指购买、出售、交换、经纪或代表稳定币等活动。例如,列出并支持稳定币交易的虚拟资产交易所,或代表他人管理稳定币的托管钱包服务,也需要进行注册。除了注册之外,这些企业还必须满足用户保护和反洗钱(AML)合规义务。

3. 以日元为支持的稳定币

随着日本建立了良好的稳定币监管框架,各种项目正在积极研究和实验以日元为支持的稳定币。在接下来的部分中,我们将探讨日本的关键稳定币项目,以更好地了解基于日元的稳定币生态系统的当前状态和特征。

3.1. JPYC:预付支付工具

来源:JPYC

JPYC 是日本首个与日元关联的数字资产发行者,成立于 2021 年 1 月。然而,当前“JPYC”代币被归类为预付支付工具,而不是修订后的《支付服务法》(PSA)下的电子支付工具,这意味着它在法律上不被认定为稳定币。因此,JPYC 更像是一种预付优惠券,使用和应用受到限制。具体而言,虽然可以将法定货币转换为 JPYC(充值),但不允许将 JPYC 转换回法定货币(提现),这限制了其使用价值。

然而,值得注意的是,JPYC 正在积极努力发行符合修订后《支付服务法》(PSA)的稳定币。首先,它计划通过获得资金转移许可证来发行一种稳定币。其目标是通过与日本北国银行发行的存款支持数字货币 Tochika 进行交换,来扩大其使用范围。获得资金转移许可证将使 JPYC 能够合法地进行资金转移,从而增强其在市场上的竞争力。

JPYC 还在准备注册为电子支付机构(EPISP),以开展稳定币业务。从长远来看,该公司旨在基于 Progmat 的 Progmat Coin 发行和运营一种信托型稳定币,这将使其能够支持与现金或银行存款相关的各种商业活动。此外,JPYC 与 USDC 发行者 Circle 基础设施的整合预计将在扩展其业务,特别是在跨境支付方面提供显著优势。

3.2. Tochika:存款支持的数字货币

来源:Hokkoku Bank

Tochika 是日本首个以存款为基础的数字货币。它是由位于石川县的地方银行北国银行于 2024 年推出的。Tochika 以银行存款为支持,向银行的账户持有人提供数字代币,作为一种存款服务。这种数字代币使用户能够更方便地进行交易和管理资金。

用户可以通过 Tochituka 应用程序轻松使用 Tochika,该应用程序是由北国银行和铃城市共同开发的。整个过程非常简单:用户在应用程序中注册自己的银行账户,充值他们的 Tochituka 余额,然后可以在石川县的参与商户处将其作为支付方式使用。充值后,用户能够方便地进行消费和支付。

Tochika 因其简单性和向商户提供的 0.5% 的吸引人佣金率而脱颖而出。然而,它也有一些限制。目前,它仅在石川县内可用,每月仅允许免费提取一次充值的 Tochika——之后将收取 110 Tochika(相当于 110 日元)的费用。此外,Tochika 运行在由 Digital Platformer 开发的许可私有区块链上,这限制了其在一个封闭生态系统中的使用。

展望未来,Tochika 计划增强和扩展其服务。这些计划包括与其他金融机构的存款账户进行连接、扩大地理覆盖范围,以及引入个人之间的汇款功能。尽管目前存在一些限制,Tochika 为存款支持的数字货币树立了良好的榜样。随着其持续的发展努力,Tochika 的未来潜力无疑值得关注。

3.3. GYEN:离岸稳定币

来源:GMO Trust

GYEN 是由位于纽约的日本 GMO 互联网集团的子公司 GMO Trust 发行的日元计价稳定币。该稳定币受纽约州金融服务部监管,并被列入 Greenlist,授权某些加密货币在纽约发行。GYEN 是唯一一种在加密货币交易所进行实物交易的日元稳定币,目前可在 Coinbase 上进行交易。

GYEN 以 1:1 的比例发行,与日本日元挂钩,因此被归类为信托型稳定币。然而,由于 GYEN 并不是通过日本监管体系内的信托公司发行的,因此无法在日本境内或向日本居民分发,这限制了其在国内的使用。尽管如此,日本监管机构正在讨论 GYEN 的具体要求和合规措施,以及 USDC 和 USDT 等稳定币。值得注意的是,GYEN 未来可能会纳入日本的监管框架。

4. 稳定币业务真的可行吗?

尽管距离稳定币合法化已经过去了一年多,但日本的各个稳定币项目进展仍然有限。像 USDT 或 USDC 这样的无许可稳定币在日本市场上依然稀缺。目前尚无公司完成运营稳定币相关业务所需的 EPISP 注册。

此外,要求稳定币发行者将所有储备管理为活期存款的监管规定对业务运营造成了重大限制。活期存款通常是无利可图的,因为它们可以随时提取,几乎没有回报。尽管日本银行最近将利率从 0% 上调,但短期利率仍然较低,为 0.25%,这仍低于许多其他国家。这一低利率可能会降低稳定币业务的盈利能力。因此,市场对由不同资产(如日本国债)支持的更具竞争力的稳定币的需求日益增长。

来源:(左图) Circle & Soneium, (右图) DMM Crypto & Progmat

尽管如此,行业对未来的期望仍然很高,因为日本主要金融机构和企业集团正在积极参与稳定币业务。这包括三大银行,如三菱 UFJ 银行 (MUFG)、瑞穗银行和住友三井银行 (SMBC),以及像索尼和 DMM 集团这样的企业。

在这些期望中,对监管机构重新评估其政策的呼声日益高涨。尽管法律框架已经实施了一段时间,但缺乏切实的成果,关于其有效性的问题和担忧可能会增加。在这种情况下,观察日本稳定币市场未来如何演变将是很有趣的。

5. 结束语

来源:Financial Times, Refinitiv

近年来,日本一直在努力应对日元贬值的挑战,并实施了各种策略来增强其货币的竞争力。稳定币是这一更广泛努力的一部分,旨在提升日元的可扩展性和竞争力。预计先进稳定币的采用将为超越国内应用的一系列全球用例铺平道路,包括跨境支付。这可能使日本能够扩大其在全球金融市场的影响力。

来源:rwa.xyz

然而,尽管稳定币的监管框架已经建立超过一年,日元在稳定币市场中的份额仍然很小。稳定币的实例依然稀少,且尚未有与稳定币相关的企业进行 EPISP 注册。岸田内阁和自由民主党的支持率下降也使得推动强有力的 Web3 相关政策变得困难。然而,建立监管框架是向前迈出的重要一步。尽管进展可能缓慢,但它所带来的变化值得期待。

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