与世界经济论坛一同重新审视全球加密货币监管

深潮Pubblicato 2024-08-14Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-14

不同司法管辖区对加密资产市场并没有统一的定义、分类与税收制度,加密交易的参与者经常因对相关概念和制度额误解而受到困扰。

撰文:Conrad Eliott

编译:TaxDAO

世界经济论坛 (WEF) 于 2023 年 5 月发布了白皮书《加密资产监管之路:全球方法》。此后,世界经济论坛不断更新其研究结果,紧跟不同国家和经济区域应对引入加密货币带来挑战的方式。

1. 为什么世界经济论坛白皮书建议采取全球性框架来监管加密货币?

正如数据政策和区块链专家 ArushiGoel 所指出的:「与其他一些新兴技术一样,监管这个生态系统(加密资产)就像走钢丝——它需要在防止危害、保护用户和促进创新之间取得微妙的平衡。」

近年来,加密行业及其背后的 潜力巨大的 技术蓬勃发展。 当加密资产的无国界性质与传统 的 经济 社会秩序 发生冲突时,实施 统一的 监管框架就成为必要。 然而,这也面临诸多挑战 。

2. 全球加密货币监管面临的挑战

不同司法管辖区对加密资产市场并没有统一的定义、分类与税收制度,加密交易的参与者经常因对相关概念和制度额误解而受到困扰,对金融风险的理解也不透彻。

套利是指从一个实体购买加密货币并几乎立即将其卖给另一个实体的做法。其目的是从具有不同规定且独立发展金融框架的不同司法管辖区之间的边际价格差异中获利。当然,这对不同司法管辖区的监管机构来说是一个令人头疼的问题,他们必须对此类交易应用不同的税法和立法准则。这进一步阻碍了加密生态系统整体监管的发展。

多个执法机构之间的协调不足妨碍了对加密行业的监督和管理,阻碍了连贯、一致的监管框架的建立。

3. 世界经济论坛白皮书发布以来的进展情况

面对前述挑战,一些国家和地区尝试制定加密资产监管框架,并取得了不同程度的成功。详情参见下图

4. 加密监管已取得进展的地区

世界经济论坛指出,自白皮书发布以来,各个国家或地区的加密监管出现了以下变化:

4.1 美国加密货币监管的变化

尽管世界经济论坛指出,美国加密监管的进展目前陷入停滞,但其已取得以下成就:

  • 区块链监管确定性法案由众议院委员会于 2023 年 7 月开始评估,并于 2023 年 9 月公布。

  • 美国众议院于 2024 年 5 月通过了《面向 21 世纪金融创新和技术法案》(FIT21)。

4.2 欧盟加密监管的变化

  • 欧盟于 2023 年 6 月开始引入 MiCA,这是第一个制定和实施全面加密货币监管框架的经济区域。

  • 欧盟的监督和管理机构欧洲证券和市场管理局 (ESMA) 于 2024 年 4 月底结束了为期三个月的关于 MiCA 实施方面的公众咨询。

  • 欧盟预计在 2024 年 12 月将 MiCA 全面纳入该经济区的加密监管框架,并且从 2026 年 1 月起,无论交易金额多少,所有加密交易服务提供商都必须验证并披露所有交易的原始发送者和受益的接收者的身份。

4.3 英国加密货币监管的变化

  • 希望进行加密货币交易的实体必须向英国金融行为监管局 (Financial Conduct Authority) 注册,而英国央行 (BoE) 也对稳定币的监管采取了坚定的立场。

  • 英国央行认为,这项新法规将为英国消费者带来更多便利,同时防止金融犯罪的发生。

4.4 亚洲加密货币监管的变化

亚洲各国对加密货币监管的方法多种多样:

  • 日本承认加密货币为法定货币,并在最近出台了旨在打击洗钱的交易所交易身份识别规则。

  • 韩国通过了《虚拟资产用户保护法》,力图让加密货币交易更为安全,该法案已于 2024 年 7 月 19 日生效。

  • 印度于 2020 年解禁了加密货币交易,但此后监管进展停滞。不过,印度的《加密货币和官方数字货币监管法案》前景光明。

与此同时,在南美洲,巴西于 2023 年 6 月采取了加密监管措施。

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