出 U 成高危行为?接到“协查”电话怎么办?

链捕手Pubblicato 2024-08-14Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-14

作者:肖飒lawyer

 

近期,飒姐团队发现,一些币圈老友因出售加密货币(特别是出售USDT)而导致银行卡被冻结,甚至接到警方电话,要求配合“协助调查”。

今天,飒姐团队就为大家详细讲解一下,因为出售加密货币而导致被冻卡、接到“协助调查”电话的原因、风险以及应对之策。

我就单纯出U,为什么会被“锤”?

在说原因之前,我们需要明确一个大前提:在我国,持有加密货币是否违法?

先给答案:不违法。

这是因为,我国目前没有出台任何与加密货币相关的法律、国务院行政法规或行政命令。

而大名鼎鼎的9.4公告、9.24通知等,一方面,这些规范性文件等级较低,仅为部门规范性法律文件,不构成刑法意义上的“前置法”;另一方面,这些规范性文件也从未明确规定,我国公民不得持有加密货币。(9.4公告禁止了非法代币发行融资,但没有禁止个人交易买卖加密货币,个人单纯地将人民币购买的USDT出售并不一定是违法行为。)

那这也就意味着,单纯的持有加密货币,本身并不违法,当然也就更不可能构成犯罪。

那么,为什么出售加密货币又要被冻卡和“协助调查”?

出U渠道“野”,导致收到“黑钱”

 “黑钱”主要指的是涉电诈、网赌的赃款,有些是被出U平台错配的(这些平台本来也挺野),有些出U平台本来就跟上游犯罪洗钱渠道有勾结,加密货币兑法币这一步可能是把黑钱洗白的一个环节。

在我国洗钱是红线行为,一旦银行认为你收到的钱可能是黑钱流入,首先会冻结银行卡。出U平台的人往往肉身在境外,资金源头比较复杂且难调查,对于散户来说,单笔交易很难判断收到的是不是黑钱,而银行一般通过交易频率、资金流量与账户用途是否符合等方式和内部监管来预测。

贪图高“汇率”,与“神秘高人”合作

 “神秘高人”很多做的是地下钱庄生意,主营外汇兑换,操作方式一般是“对敲”,在一国收取法币,然后把等额外汇存入指定的另一国账户。比如雇主在境外的员工拿了工资,不想走结汇通道(手续费高汇率低速度慢),但又想把钱给到国内家人,就会找地下钱庄,把钱打给钱庄,而钱庄同步打款到境内,且开出的汇率比法定汇率优惠,还规避了税收成本。

但是,钱庄打给境内的钱的上游干不干净就很难说了。比如钱庄会与其他擦边经营或电诈平台合作,以保证自身的法定货币充足。这些处理不干净的钱打给境内客户后,很容易引发各种法律风险。

也有地下钱庄提供U币兑换业务,且购买加密货币开出的价格比市价高、费率低。此时贪图高汇率,就会因上游赃款而被牵涉其中。

出币人本人自身行为不当

如果就靠炒币获利,那问题并不大,但飒姐团队在实践中发现,其实有不少当事人自己也会存在一些擦边行为或一些难以解释清楚的收入。

例如,飒姐团队近期在客户提供服务的过程中发现,某用户在出U的过程中,因为平台的原因而导致自己收到了部分涉网赌资金,因此银行卡中的40多万元遭到冻结。案件本身并不复杂,但是,根据与客户的多次沟通我们发现,客户本身也有参与网络射幸类游戏的习惯,并且存在大量资金的混同,这就导致,一个严重的问题:资金来源的合法性难以解释清楚。再叠加上用户本人没有稳定的合法收入来源等因素,直接导致了解冻进程出现困难。

“协助调查”是否会导致刑事风险?

如果单纯只是炒币出币,一般来说不会。我国《刑法》第六十四条规定,犯罪分子违法所得的一切财物,应当予以追缴或者责令退赔。如果账户内的资金是赃款,公安机关有权追缴,此时卡主并不是公安机关目标的嫌疑人,而仅仅只是被涉案资金无辜波及的人,也算是另一种意义上的“被害人”。

但是,飒姐团队在处理案件的过程中也发现一种特殊情况——用户与资金来源渠道有超越普通用户与平台的特殊关系,其对平台的资金来源“不当”有一定程度的认知。这种情况较为复杂,存在两个显著的刑事风险:掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪与帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪。

我国《刑法》第三百一十二条规定的掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪指的是:明知是犯罪所得及其产生的收益而予以窝藏、转移、收购、代为销售或者以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒的行为。注意,本罪在主观上要求犯罪嫌疑人“明知”是犯罪所得收益,这个需要结合客观行为进行判断。例如,在飒姐处理的案件中,犯罪嫌疑人不仅与渠道方存在特定关系,大量的聊天记录也能够证明其对渠道方资金来源可能系犯罪所得有较为清晰的认知,加上其本人在收到赃款后,还有沉淀资金的行为,这就很容易被我国司法机关工作人员认定为构成掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪中的“明知”。

我国《刑法》第二百八十七条之二规定的帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪与掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪在主观上类似,同样要求犯罪嫌疑人“明知”他人利用信息网络实施犯罪。此罪较为容易出现在帮助他人买卖加密货币的案件中,必须加以警惕。

被冻卡和要求“协助调查”怎么办?

如果被警方联系,拒绝配合调查会导致公安机关采取进一步的强制措施。依据《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》,刑侦冻结银行卡的期限为6个月,

    1.应当首先自我评估刑事风险。如被出U平台错配黑钱,而自己自查后没有其他违法行为,可以配合调查,准备好证明自身合法的材料。

    2,与银行取得联络,确认行使冻结账户权力的司法机关及联系方式,并尽量打印相关资金进出的银行流水。

    3,与出U平台取得联络,要求平台提供买卖记录。

    4,撰写情况说明书,将自己买卖加密货币的情况,资金的来源等进行详细且有条理的说明(如自行说明有困难,请咨询专业律师处理)

    5,如果被本地公安联系要求到场说明,须提前咨询专业律师,做好准备后配合调查,如果是异地公安机关冻结且要求你去当地配合调查,需警惕。

写在最后

如果遇到银行卡冻结先不要慌张,被冻也不一定就是涉刑。但需要做好心理准备的是,无论是卡主被认定为刑事案件的犯罪嫌疑人,还是该账户中的资金流向是刑事案件的犯罪证据,如果确实属于赃款,即使卡主“善意”,也有资金被追缴或部分追缴的可能。

最后,希望各位币圈老友都能及时解冻,平安无事。我们一直都在!

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