浅谈币圈涉刑案件中的趋利性执法现象

币界网Pubblicato 2024-08-12Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-12

币界网报道:

“办案就是为了搞钱。”——某案派出所所长如是说

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2024年8月6日,最高人民检察院向社会发布今年1月至6月全国检察机关主要办案数据。对于“检察护企”专项行动,最高检案件管理办公室负责人表示,检察机关紧盯整治趋利性执法司法问题,加大对利用刑事手段插手民事经济纠纷的监督力度。据报道,检察机关今年上半年对涉企刑事案件监督立(撤)案近500件。山东省青岛市人民检察院依法监督公安机关撤销一起跨省合同诈骗刑事立案解除冻结企业账户资金1.1亿余元,6名民警被处分。

2021年4月,在公安部党委(扩大)会议中也强调,要深入开展公安系统顽瘴痼疾专项整治,并将违规异地执法办案、逐利性执法等突出问题纳入整治范围。

在司法实践当中,币圈案件,或者再往大了说,经济犯罪案件,个别地区司法机关确实会存在趋利性执法的实际情况。因为币圈案件涉及的资金量一般比较大,所以算是一类典型。

为什么会思考和研究这个话题?是因为在本人多年来的刑事案件办理过程中,会看到有些案子从法理上讲,对于当事人被指控的犯罪行为,怎么分析都觉得着实不构成犯罪,但却会被以一个看似牵强的罪名立案。并且,这类案件往往有很多相似之处,例如:

  • 涉案公司或项目方经济效益不错,运转良好;

  • 当事人一直认为自己是合规经营,从未想过自己的行为涉嫌违法犯罪;

  • 所谓的被害人,涉案公司工作人员并不认识,且被害人报案金额并不高;

  • 相当一部分案件是异地公安立案侦查,跨省抓捕的;

  • 公司的用户基数很大,但报案的被害人只有1个,且被害人住所地是对案件进行立案侦查的公安所在地。

作者 | 邵诗巍、包劼律师

01

相关案例

1、无锡梁亮案

根据公开信息[i],该案涉及 CoinXP 交易公链、 Hubdex 社区去中心化交易所。本案最初案发于2021年2月26日,无锡公安网络上寻找案源,以非法利用信息网络罪案立案侦查,期间多次变更罪名,最终2023年3月22日,公诉机关变更起诉罪名为组织、领导传销活动罪。指控称:本案涉及“用户5万余人,形成传销社区100余个,遍布全国32个省市自治区,层级100余层,涉案数字货币合计折算人民币2.39亿元。2023年12月27日,锡山区人民法院就梁亮案宣判,因梁亮拒不认罪认罚,该院重判梁亮十年,2000万罚金,平台用户资产全部没收。该案代理律师和家属披露的案件信息公开可查。

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其律师曾发布《梁亮家人悬赏「锡山证人」王锋涛》,可看出案件家属及律师都对该案立案侦查的公安机关是否具有管辖权持有巨大的疑问。

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2、Fil矿商星际联盟案

据该案代理律师透露[ii],江苏省徐州市丰县公安《起诉意见书》侦查查明:2019年6月以来,三名嫌疑人为谋取非法利益,经多次预谋,注册成立星驰公司,以“实现区块链技术、IPFS分布式存储为名,以挖取fil”为噱头,通过虚假宣传、承诺高额回报等欺骗手段,吸引多人购买矿机为掩饰,要求会员缴纳入门费……该组织共涉及6级、24层,共计涉案23亿余元

其律师认为,23亿可能是最吸引办案机关的地方。该案在丰县立案前,有人向上海公安报案,上海公安经调查后认为经营模式不构成传销犯罪(公司内部也多次找专家论证过其经营模式并不存在传销),案发后国内最著名四位法学专家论证后也一致认为不构成传销犯罪。

3、语聊平台涉赌案

2024年4月21日,语聊平台伴伴在其官微发表了停业书

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该文称:“广东顺德公安机关对我司进行"远洋捕捞"式的违法跨省逐利性执法,2023年4月17日,广东顺德公安以“伴伴”App涉嫌开设赌场罪为由,强制拘留公司员工25人,除了3亿元被强制划转外,公司股东个人资金也被强行划走2000万元。致使全体1600名员工工资,数十万平台主播及合作伙伴合法收益无法支付,依靠平台谋生的数十万人员陷入生计无着的境地。

02

“趋利性执法”为什么会发生?

“趋利性执法”一般体现为[iii],司法机关乱收费、乱罚款、不同公安机关争夺管辖权,创造管辖权、异地抓捕,违反规定划扣资金、侵吞财产等。

这种现象的根本原因,是由于司法机关的经费不足导致的。

华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心副教授吕德文为研究这一课题,曾在中部某县公安局做了半个多月的实地调研,真实记录和研究了“趋利执法”逻辑的生成背景。

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(图片来源[iv])

在该文当中,吕教授提到:“公安局穷到要通过执法“创收”来解决其运转问题,却是出乎我们的想象。” “派出所长说他最重要的任务就是“找米下锅”。”

所以说到底,这还是一笔经济账。

文中提到,除了正式民警的工资津贴以外,其他开支(如临时人员工资、厨房,办公经费,民警住房公积金、医保、超时工资等)需要自筹。公安局在实行新财政政策后,自筹资金在上交财政后,只会返还公安局50%,所以一个派出所如果维持运转需要每年100万成本,那么必须每年要上交200万的财政收入。这些所谓的财政收入,就是罚没收入。

罚没收入从哪里来呢?只能来自于可以创造经济效益的案件。

2022年,有媒体报道[v],在梳理的全国地级市一般城市罚没收入2021年较2020年的增值排行榜中,所公布的前14个地级市中,江苏省竟然占了6席。相关工作人员人称,“罚没收入增幅较大的主要原因是大案要案罚没收入增加”。

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(图片来源:南方周末)

03

解决趋利性执法问题的必要性及对策

在财政压力之下,办案单位在实际工作过程中,不得不从经济效益的视角来看待不同案件办理的优先级别。以基层办案单位处理的治安案件为例,绝大多数案件并不能创造经济效益,比如邻里纠纷、打架斗殴、小偷小摸,但这些案件却与普通老百姓的日常生活息息相关。而卖淫嫖娼,聚众赌博等案件,是可以创造经济效益的,那么基层单位对涉黄涉赌类案件办理的积极性就更高。

在办案单位存在“创收”压力的前提下,就必然会导致本辖区内的普通案件得不到有效处理,久拖不决,公安机关将更多的精力和重心放在主动寻找外地有效案源线索以及异地抓捕、异地办案上。

对于被异地公安跨省抓捕的民营企业来说,在涉案公司高管及实控人被抓捕,公司会面临资金链断裂、无法继续经营、被迫关停、大量员工失业的可能。

虽然国家为了保护民营企业出台《公安机关禁止逐利执法“七项规定”》、《异地办案协作“六个严禁”》、《关于进一步依法严格规范开展办案协作的通知》、《民营企业司法保护专项行动工作方案》等多个规定。但就目前的司法现状来说,异地趋利性执法现象并没有因相关规定的出台而变少。

如何解决趋利性执法问题?中国刑法学研究会名誉顾问曾提出4点建议:

第一,在立法层面强化救济措施。必须在立法层面上完善救济条款,必须对该现象设定切实可行的处置方法,有罚则的禁令才有可行性。

第二,一定要做到所有涉案财产上缴中央财政。因为,虽然规定不允许提留给办案机关,可是一旦返还给地方财政,地方财政还是可能以不同程度、不同方式将案款与办案经费挂钩,只不过比以前的对号入座变成了有一定灵活性而已。一律上缴到省一级财政,会增加一定的控制力度,但是不到中央财政仍然难以避免地方主义倾向。

第三,办案经费应当由中央财政统一调拨。司法机关的办案经费如果跟地方挂钩,那就永远解决不了地方保护问题。必须脱离地方控制,划归中央统一管理。

第四,适度增加司法经费的资源,满足需求,这是根本问题。而在国家财政预算中适当增加司法办案经费的数额,则是确保司法机关有效行使职能的基础。

04

结语

趋利性执法问题不仅是法治建设中的一个痛点,它损害了法律的权威性,侵蚀了公众对司法公正的信任,扭曲了市场经济的正常运作,并且对社会风气产生了负面影响。因此,解决趋利性执法问题不仅是必要的,更是迫切的。

2024年4月19日,全国人大代表、58同城董事长兼CEO姚劲波在晒出一份由最高人民法院发出的感谢信。感谢信中称,姚劲波在审议时提出:严格规范跨区域执法司法的审批流程,罚没款应归中央财政,从根本上破解地方政法机关逐利型执法司法,更好保护民营企业家的合法权益;严格规范留置和边控措施,让企业家群体更安全,减少对企业正常经营的干扰。最高人民法院表示,建议具有指导性、针对性,对做好人民法院工作具有重要意义,将在今后的工作中认真研究、积极改进。

我们也期待一个没有趋利性执法的法治环境,一个每个人都能在公平正义的保护下自由发展的社会。这不仅是对法律的尊重,更是对人民的负责,对未来的承诺。

[i] 区块链、数字货币、传销,一文了解无锡梁亮案  

[ii] 趋利执法已成为民企噩梦,企业家该何去何从?  

[iii] 田文昌:经济犯罪案件中趋利性执法现象的成因与对策_腾讯新闻  

[iv] 吕德文:警察“趋利执法”是如何发生的?- 基层法治研究网  

[v] 财政收入靠罚款?“苏大强”多地罚没收入大涨,财政局回应:破获经济大案所得

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