案例讨论 | 经营虚拟货币交易所 构成非法利用信息网络罪?(二)

币界网Pubblicato 2024-08-12Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-12

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2017年94公告发布后,国内虚拟货币交易所纷纷宣布出海。接着2021年924通知发布后,国内交易所也接连表态将关闭对中国大陆地区用户的服务,对存量用户进行清退。

但时至今日,仍有不少虚拟货币交易平台关于所谓的出海,只是把公司注册地和服务器搬到海外,部分管理层人员肉身出海,但相关人员仍留在国内。

据行业内知情人透漏,截至目前,国人仍在开设的虚拟货币交易所至少有上千家。

在虚拟货币相关业务被定性为非法金融活动的背景下,虚拟货币交易所的刑事风险首当其冲。据公开判决来看,较为高频的交易所涉刑风险有开设赌场、非法经营、非法吸收公众存款、传销犯罪等,非信罪并不多见。

那为什么本文将虚拟货币交易所涉非信罪单拎出来讨论呢?因为它是个兜底性罪名

国人开设的虚拟货币交易所,除非真的做到了全员出海,且平台不涉及国内用户,否则无论做到了何种程度的刑事合规,面对兜底罪名的指控,都很难招架。但邵律师认为,本罪名的适用本身具有极大争议性。为什么这么说呢,本文会分享4个案例进行讨论。

作者 | 邵诗巍律师

本文上篇请➡️:

案例讨论 | 经营虚拟货币交易所,构成非法利用信息网络罪?(一)

本文上篇分享了2个案例,今天继续接着讲。

03

【案例C】

戴某搭建虚拟货币交易平台网站,并对网站进行调试和日常维护。某日,第三人向被害人谎称自己在该平台有大额资金需要提现,以高额报酬诱使被害人提供帮助,并通过微信聊天、伪造转账凭证等方式,从被害人处骗得1.5万元。由此,法院认定戴某设立用于实施诈骗等违法犯罪活动的网站,犯非法利用信息网络罪,判处有期徒刑九个月。

【邵律师评析】

为什么本文最开始说国人开设虚拟货币交易所,无论做到了何种程度的刑事合规,面对兜底罪名的指控,都很难招架,这就是一个典型的例子。

该案的逻辑是:甲开了一个虚拟币交易所,乙把这个交易所平台作为工具,骗取他人钱财,甲乙无通谋的前提下,交易所被认定为诈骗网站,因此甲犯了非信罪。

为什么说甲乙一定无通谋呢?因为即使判决书对案情的描述再精简,能够体现被告人主观犯意的表述绝不会省略,再说了,如果甲乙双方真的有通谋,也不会是非信这个罪名了。

对于该判决结果,本人认为并不正确,这明显是个强盗逻辑。如果这个逻辑普适到所有被害人被骗的案件当中,别说币圈平台了,任何平台都可能会作为不法分子实施违法犯罪行为play的一环,我们日常中使用的所有社交类、公众类软件都将不复存在。

再者,从法理角度来说,也不应对本案定罪。非信罪的情形之一为“设立用于实施诈骗、传授犯罪方法、制作或者销售违禁物品、管制物品等违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组”,所以,如果行为人设立网站的目的是为了实施违法犯罪活动,或者行为人设立网站的初始目的是正当的,但后续将网站逐步演化为用以实施违法犯罪的信息平台,定本罪没有问题。

但若行为人出于正常的经营目的设立网站,即便924通知等将虚拟货币交易定性为非法金融活动,若其经营行为不涉及刑法分则规定的违法犯罪行为类型,也不构成本罪。

如果行为人设立网站后,事后知道他人利用其网站从事违法犯罪活动而为不法分子提供技术支持的,有构成帮信罪的可能,但该案判决书中虽提到戴某“对网站进行调试和日常维护”,却未认定其构成帮信罪,再次印证了戴某与第三人不法分子并没有通谋骗取被害人钱财的合意。

04

【案例D】

该案有支线和主线两个并行的作案背景。

支线:董某等人通过网络渠道获得大量手机号后,交给招募的员工,让他们拨打电话给机主,将有意向加入股票群的机主拉入事先准备好的微信群,后将微信群卖给境外诈骗团伙获利。被害人李某接到该公司人员电话后,加入微信群,后被群内助理引导安装某APP充值投资被骗。

主线:周某等人在微信群中冒充股票讲师、股民、助理等身份,被害人刘某被讲师周某诱导,在前述虚拟货币交易平台充值,并在肖某搭建的虚拟货币交易平台的后台控制虚拟货币涨跌,致刘某亏损。

最终法院判决董某犯非法利用信息网络罪,周某犯诈骗罪

【邵律师评析】

主线和支线看似没有关联,为什么会在一个案件当中处理?因为董某团伙曾向董某所在公司支付过钱款。董某等人负责寻找有投资意向的被害人并组建微信群,将微信群打包卖给肖某和周某团伙,由周某对受害人实施精准诈骗。

同样是被害人报案投资被骗,为什么最终的罪名不同?非信罪和诈骗罪的边界在哪里?本案可以很好的回答这个问题。

支线的行为模式,就是设立群组,而设立这个群组的目的,就是为了实施诈骗活动。支线的获利方式是出售微信群组,而不是诈骗他人钱财。那为什么支线没有和主线一同视为诈骗罪的共同犯罪?答案仍然是一样的,支线的获利方式是出售微信群组,至于买家拿群组做什么,他们可能知道,也应当知道,但并不关心。董某等人可能朴素的认为,只要自己不参与诈骗,就不会有法律风险。

本案当中支线的行为模式,从该案全局来看,构成诈骗罪的犯罪预备,而非信罪设立的目的,就是将预备行为实行化,将预备行为独立成罪。

05

写在最后

本文以案例分析的形式,深入探讨了虚拟货币交易所在我国现行法律框架下可能涉及非信罪的情形。其中案例B和案例D,如果确实存在诈骗用户资金的事实,则我们更多应该关注的是对有关罪名适用的讨论,考虑罪轻或轻罪辩护方案;案例A和案例C,对当事人应否定罪,个人认为有待商榷。

我们能够认识到,政府和监管机构发布公告、通知和倡议的目的是为了增强公众的警觉性,引导大家进行理性投资,同时防范金融风险。但在这一过程中,重要的是找到鼓励金融创新与维护金融安全之间的平衡点。这就需要更为细致的分析和区分不同情况,避免一刀切的否定或过度的惩罚。

所以作为法律工作者,我们更希望看到的是在将来能够有更加完善、更加明确的涉区块链、虚拟货币相关法律法规监管规定出台,而不是目前该领域多年以来一直处于法律适用上模糊地带的现状。

通过这种平衡,我们相信在未来,区块链技术有潜力成为推动我国经济社会发展的关键驱动力。

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