案例讨论 | 经营虚拟货币交易所 构成非法利用信息网络罪?(一)

币界网Pubblicato 2024-08-11Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-11

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2017年94公告发布后,国内虚拟货币交易所纷纷宣布出海。接着2021年924通知发布后,国内交易所也接连表态将关闭对中国大陆地区用户的服务,对存量用户进行清退。

但时至今日,仍有不少虚拟货币交易平台关于所谓的出海,只是把公司注册地和服务器搬到海外,部分管理层人员肉身出海,但相关人员仍留在国内。

据行业内知情人透漏,截至目前,国人仍在开设的虚拟货币交易所至少有上千家。

在虚拟货币相关业务被定性为非法金融活动的背景下,虚拟货币交易所的刑事风险首当其冲。据公开判决来看,较为高频的交易所涉刑风险有开设赌场、非法经营、非法吸收公众存款、传销犯罪等,非信罪并不多见。

那为什么本文将虚拟货币交易所涉非信罪单拎出来讨论呢?因为它是个兜底性罪名

国人开设的虚拟货币交易所,除非真的做到了全员出海,且平台不涉及国内用户,否则无论做到了何种程度的刑事合规,面对兜底罪名的指控,都很难招架。但邵律师认为,本罪名的适用本身具有极大争议性。为什么这么说呢,本文会分享4个案例进行讨论。

作者 | 邵诗巍律师

01

【案例A】

2018年起,被告人吴某在上海市某地招募员工,开发虚拟货币的交易软件,诱导客户在该平台投资交易自行开发的虚拟货币,并安排人员操控虚拟货币的涨跌。判决书中认定,截止2021年1月案发,全国范围内有4000余名客户在该平台投资交易。法院判决吴某犯非法利用信息网络罪,判处有期徒刑十个月。

【邵律师评析】

这是个认罪认罚的案件,所以判决书写的比较简单,有效信息只有以上。

虽说判决书中写的“操控虚拟货币的涨跌”,但实际情况可能并非如此。“操控涨跌”这节事实所对应的证据大概率就只有当事人的口供,这么推测的原因有以下几点:

从本人过往办理的虚拟货币交易所涉刑案件的来看,司法机关并不会对交易平台的代码进行技术上的审计,例如平台是不是去中心化的,有没有智能合约的应用等。司法机关更为关注的是,有没有被害人报案投资受损?平台有没有以小博大开设赌场的玩法?平台推广模式有没有设层级拉人头,发展下线?等等。因为如果有这些显著特征,定平台涉嫌其他罪名轻而易举。

如果平台真的存在控制涨跌的行为,那一定是通过技术手段操纵后台使用户亏损平台得利。但平台运营了三年多的时间,为什么该案判决书中未提到有相关被害人报案信息?既然能统计出平台有4000余名客户,找几个人来作证并不难。

例如清远市中级人民法院官方发布的2023年典型案例之一➡️卢某等10人诈骗案,根据该案案情描述,卢某等人架设虚假投资平台让客户进行虚拟货币的投资,由其同伙操纵平台后台里客户投资涨跌,骗取50余名被害人财物近百万,法院认定卢某等人犯诈骗罪。

仅从公开信息来看,该案的行为模式与吴某并无差异,都是搭建平台让用户投资虚拟币,一个定非信,一个定诈骗,就在于案件当中有无被害人。

那为什么“操控涨跌”会在判决书中认定为没有争议的事实呢?因为非信罪是个轻罪。如果真的认定平台涉嫌开设赌场,诈骗等,刑期要三年甚至五年起步,所以认定该事实可能是当事人及其辩护律师从结果的角度出发,经过综合权衡而妥协的结果。

因为虽说国内禁止ICO,禁止开设虚拟货币交易所,但禁止的依据仅为相关的通知公告,若要对行为人认定为刑事犯罪,司法机关只能从平台的经营模式本身出发,考虑适用哪个罪名更为合适。如前所述,如果平台没有诈骗、没有赌博、没有传销,那怎么办呢?非信罪可以兜底。

因为非信罪这个罪名的立法本意,就是将网络犯罪预备行为独立入罪。意思就是说,即使目前没有被害人,但如果平台设立的目的就是实施违法犯罪活动,这就符合非信罪的入罪情形了。怎么证明平台设立的目的是为实施违法犯罪活动呢?因为平台存在“操控虚拟货币的涨跌”的行为。这样是不是逻辑上就说的通了?

02

【案例B】

2021年,朱某等在上海成立公司,架设虚拟货币交易平台,并与公司其他人员各自分工,相互配合(业务、财务、人事,技术等),在聊天软件上假冒美女,发布大量虚假信息诱骗国外男性客户到上述平台使用其他虚拟货币充值投资,朱某等通过控制后台数据,拒绝客户提币出金申请、诱骗客户另行缴纳保证金,骗取客户的虚拟货币。直至案发,平台内的充币记录约30万,朱某等共计获利人民币10万。

法院认为,朱某等人为实施诈骗等违法犯罪活动发布信息,均犯非法利用信息网络罪,判处有期徒刑二年一个月至六个月不等。

【邵律师评析】

说实话,如果见识过足够多的币圈案件的判案方式,可以得出一个结论:无论法理上应该是怎样,案件的处理结果,一切皆有可能。

从法理上讲,【案例B】和上述【案例A】分析中提到的清远中院发布的卢某等10人诈骗案案情是差不多的,都是架设虚拟币平台让用户投资,都是公司人员可以操纵平台后台数据,都是让业务员使用固定的话术剧本与外国男性进行网聊沟通,促成男女朋友关系,骗取外国人钱财,但卢某等被定诈骗,本案定非信?

如果行为人确实通过 “搭建平台,寻找客户,引导投资,骗得投资款” 的方式走完了骗取他人钱财的全流程,这不是很明显是诈骗罪的犯罪既遂?

另外,本案也没有根据公司不同人员的具体分工,在罪名上做出区分。老板肯定是对公司的经营行为明知的,但每个业务员都有各自的具体工作内容,他们未必知晓老板通过一套流程及所有人员的分工完成诈骗外国人的全部细节,因此,从定罪角度来说,一刀切的对全员均定非信罪,也是不合理的。

剩下2个案例明天继续讲。

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(内蒙古出差中,忙里偷闲写写小文,分享日常的办案感悟)

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