区块链律师解读中国人民银行《中国金融稳定报告(2023)》

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2023-12-31Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-12-31

Introduzione

报告中,央行着重强调了近年来我国政府在加密资产行业的监管和防控措施,表明央行对加密资产仍保持较为审慎的态度。

原文作者:刘红林律师,上海曼昆律师事务所创始人、主任

近日,中国人民银行发布《中国金融稳定报告(2023)》。报告中提及, 22 年,全球地缘政治冲突持续,部分主要经济体通胀处于高位,世界经济和贸易增长动能减弱,金融市场持续震荡,外部环境不确定性加大。在其他行业及新兴风险章节,报告指出,加密资产具有金融和数字技术双重风险。加密资产是指主要依赖于密码学、分布式账本或类似技术开发运营的私营部门数字资产,创造了新的资产形态和业务模式。

区块链律师解读中国人民银行《中国金融稳定报告(2023)》

对于报告中提及的相关加密资产问题,曼昆律师事务所刘红林律师表示报告中突出强调了加密资产的金融风险和技术风险。基于上述风险,央行着重强调了近年来我国政府在加密资产行业的监管和防控措施,表明央行对加密资产仍保持较为审慎的态度。

01 加密货币不具有货币的法律属性

报告提及加密资产不由货币当局发行,不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性,同时并未受到与其业务实质相适应的监管,因而表现出金融和数字技术双重风险。曼昆律师事务所刘红林律师对此表示,加密资产由于其并非由官方的中央机构发行,缺乏与传统货币相类似的法律监管框架,由于缺乏监管及货币政策的干预,可能会出现价格操纵、欺诈和投资者保护不足的问题。其次,由于加密资产市场不成熟,使用的技术缺乏足够的安全保障,其价格波动较大,且可能存在资产丢失、盗窃等风险。“

由于加密资产基于区块链去中心化的技术,导致了资金流向追溯的困难,这就使得其可能会被用于非法用途,如洗钱、非法交易等。”刘红林说道,“同样是因为加密资产并非中央机构发行,除去一些主流的虚拟货币,虚拟资产缺乏广泛的认可,并限制了其作为一种替代货币的能力。”

此外,刘红林认为,CBDC 与加密货币有所区别,是国家中央银行发行的数字形式的法定货币,具有法定地位,由中央银行负责监管、发行、清算等职能。这是与去中心化的且不具备法定地位的加密资产最大的区别基于其法定货币的地位,受到国家中央银行的监管,通常而言其也会保持相对稳定的价值,而这也是绝大多数加密资产不具备的。安全性上,由于 CBDC 中心化发行的特点,中央银行对资产安全保障的能力也是更强的,安全性上,CBDC 要高于加密货币。

02 加密货币存在非法金融活动风险

报告中还提及,传统未受监管的非法金融活动风险在加密资产领域均有体现, 例如资产价格泡沫、价格波动大、流动性和期限错配、高杠杆和顺周期性等风险。

刘红林表示:传统未受监管的非法金融活动主要包括,例如未经相关主管部门批准,擅自从事非法吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款、未经依法批准,向社会不特定对象进行非法集资、非法发放贷款、办理结算、票据贴现、资金拆借、信托投资、金融租赁、融资担保、外汇买卖等非法金融活动。

目前,我国金融监管主要包括三个方面:对金融机构市场准入的管理;金融业务活动的监督和检查;对有问题的金融机构进行处理并采取化解风险的政策措施。在我国金融强监管的背景下,对应产生了一系列的监管性质的法规,如《中国人民银行法》、《 商业银行法 》、《票据法》、《担保法》、 《保险法》 、《 证券法 》、《信托法》、《证券投资基金法》、《银行业监督管理法》等。最后,由我国《刑法》对相关违法活动进行最后的监管兜底。

另一方面,报告中提到该领域还产生了与数字技术有关的新型风险,例如自动执行的智能合约缺乏“负反馈”调节机制,更容易导致市场“闪崩”;区块链上与链下数据交互过程存在安全漏洞,容易被黑客攻击,导致市场操纵和资产丢失;去中心化金融(DeFi)的治理机制实质上存在“中心化”特征,容易被少数内部人控制,损害其他投资者利益;资产匿名性和难以追回特征导致反洗钱、反恐怖融资风险等。

刘红林认为,加密资产难以受到监管是因为其加密资产在数量与种类上蓬勃发展,以及其匿名性、去中心化交易的特点,使得传统的金融监管方式难以在加密资产领域适用。而且金融科技的发展速度与监管者滞后的认知之间形成了巨大的“代沟”,这种监管“代沟”,极有可能使得监管理论、政策和加密货币的发展长期处于一种错位状态。此外,匿名性增强的加密货币、隐私钱包等产品和服务的出现,降低了加密资产的透明度,使得资金更加模糊,这助长了金融欺诈、加密市场的操纵,并增加了金融监管难度。

03 地缘政治影响金融市场

报告指出, 2022 年,全球地缘政治冲突持续,部分主要经济体通胀处于高位,世界经济和贸易增长动能减弱,金融市场持续震荡,外部环境不确定性加大。我国较早对加密资产领域相关风险开展清理整顿。当前,加密资产规模占全球金融 资产比例不高,与传统金融体系关联有限, 但其发展较快、业务模式复杂、治理结构不透明、跨境业务活跃,可能威胁全球金融体系稳定。我国较早对代币发行融资、加密资产交易平台等领域开展清理整顿,并于 2021 年发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》,联合多部门形成风险防范、化解、处置合力,有效遏制了相关领域风险。

刘红林提到,《中国金融稳定报告(2023)》作为中国人民银行发布的年度报告,旨在全面评估我国金融体系的稳健性状况。该报告对行业具有重要作用,通过评估金融体系的稳定性,有助于制定政策、引导结构性货币政策工具的使用,精准导向和加大对重点领域的支持,以维护金融系统的健康和稳定。

刘红林认为,报告中突出强调了加密资产的金融风险和技术风险。金融风险来自于加密资产非货币当局发行,不具有法偿性,且因未受到与业务相适应的监管,传统金融风险在加密世界将进一步扩大。技术风险主要来自于智能合约、数据交互、黑客攻击等导致资产丢失的风险。

基于上述风险,央行着重强调了近年来我国政府在加密资产行业的监管和防控措施,表明央行对加密资产仍保持较为审慎的态度。

特别声明:

本文为上海曼昆律师事务所的原创文章,仅代表本文作者个人观点,不构成对特定事项的法律咨询和法律意见。文章如需转载,请联系曼昆律师工作人员:MankunLawFirm

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