BTC生态 | 入门指南:速通BTC基础知识与热门协议

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2023-11-08Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-11-08

Introduzione

从比特币入门到精通。

原创 | Odaily星球日报

作者 | 南枳

BTC生态 | 入门指南:速通BTC基础知识与热门协议

UTXO

定义:UTXO(未使用的交易输出)是一种在区块链技术中常见的数据模型。UTXO 是一种记录交易输出状态的方式,它跟踪了每个未使用的交易输出,以确定哪些比特币属于哪个地址。

简易理解:

每个 UTXO 就像一张钞票,它有特定的面值(比特币数量)并附加了一个锁,只能被一个私钥(钥匙)打开。当你要发送比特币时,你需要选择一些钞票,将它们合并成一个新的钞票,并用收件人的锁重新锁上。这就是一笔比特币交易的基本工作原理。

案例:如果你有两个 UTXO,一个价值 10 比特币,另一个价值 20 比特币,你可以将它们合并成一个新的 UTXO,总价值为 30 比特币,然后用接收方的地址重新锁上。这样,你就完成了一笔交易,将 10 比特币和 20 比特币发送给了接收方,同时生成了一个新的 UTXO。

例如下图的 Cathy,获得了来自 Bob 的 10 枚 BTC 的 UTXO 和来自 Alice 的 20 枚 BTC 的 UTXO,其“余额”可以理解为 30 枚 BTC,而 Cathy 可以将这些 UTXO 拆解、组合并对外发送。

BTC生态 | 入门指南:速通BTC基础知识与热门协议

这里需要注意一个地方,对外转账不是从一个个体的余额里“拿出”一部分资金然后转出,而是拆分成一个或多个 UTXO,将不对外转账的资金“转回”给自己。这对理解 Ordinals 至关重要。

Ordinals

  • 编号:

定义:比特币总量 2100 万个,每个比特币包含 1 亿个 Satoshi(聪、sats),Ordinals 协议根据产出和交易的顺序,对这些聪进行编号。

比特币网络的第一个区块奖励为 50 枚 BTC,即 50 亿枚 sats,而这 50 亿枚聪按顺序编号即为 1 号 sats、 2 号 sats……直至 50 亿号 sats。之后每个区块生产出来的比特币和对应的聪同样按顺序编号。

注意,在刚生产出来时,每个 sats 都是同质化的,并不能指定出哪个 sats 就是 1 号、 2 号,直至被 UTXO 切分。

在这里,我们假设 Alice 持有的就是创世区块的 50 枚 BTC,转账情况如下:

BTC生态 | 入门指南:速通BTC基础知识与热门协议

在 Alice 向 Bob 转账 BTC 后,前三十亿枚 sats 和后二十亿枚 sats 便区分开来,而后随着新的 UTXO 不断切分;到最后 Cathy 拥有了 1 号到 10 亿号 sats,以及 30 亿号到(50 亿-1)号 sats;而第五十亿号聪则到了 Daniel 的账户里。

  • 隔离见证

隔离见证(Segregated Witness),通常简称为 SegWit,是比特币协议的一个升级,旨在解决一些与比特币交易和网络扩展性有关的问题。SegWit 的主要改变是将交易数据中的签名数据(又称为"witness",见证数据)与交易数据本身分开存储,从而使比特币交易更高效、更安全,并提高了网络的扩展性。

  • Taproot

Taproot 是比特币的一个重要协议升级,旨在提高比特币网络的隐私、扩展性和智能合约功能。这个升级于 2021 年 11 月激活。Taproot 脚本对其内容的限制非常少,而且还能得到见证者的折扣,使铭文内容的存储相对经济。Taproot 是继隔离见证之后比特币扩容的最新阶段,为 Ordinals 的出现创造了条件。

  • 铭文

简而言之,铭文(Inscription)是通过隔离见证将内容“储存”(铭刻)至比特币网络上,并绑定至特定序号的 sats 上,使其能够转移和交易。早期也曾出现过误转移了关键的 sats 而丢失了资产的情况(实际上就是转移给了接收者 sats,尽管其本意可能只是进行一笔 BTC 的转账),而目前的工具基本自动化了这一过程,避免了关键 sats 的误转。

稀有聪

根据产出顺序,定义了某些序号的聪的稀有程度

  • uncommon:每个块的第一个聪

  • rare: 每个难度调整周期的第一个聪

  • epic:每个减半时期的第一个聪

  • legendary:每个周期的第一个聪

  • mythic:创世区块的第一个聪

BTC NFT

铭文能够将任意符合大小(4 MB)的文件上传至比特币网络,目前类型主要包括图片(image)、文本(text)、视频(video)和音频(audio)这四类。而其中的图片形成了 BTC NFT,与传统的 NFT 的主要区别包括:

  • BTC NFT 始终不可变,传统 NFT 通常具备修改、调整权限;

  • BTC NFT 创作者必须支付与内容大小成比例的费用,而传统 NFT 通常储存于 IPFS,成本极低;

  • BTC NFT 早期的主要项目包括:TwelveFold、Bitcoin Punks、Bitcoin Wizards 等

  • BTC NFT 时下最流行系列包括:Bitcoin Frogs、Ordinal Maxi Biz、Goosinals 等

BRC-20 

BRC-20 是由 Domo 于 23 年 3 月 9 日提出的一种代币标准,将一段特定的文本铭刻至区块链上,并将其“视为”一种代币。其标准格式如下:

BTC生态 | 入门指南:速通BTC基础知识与热门协议

可以将 BRC-20 理解为一张记录到链上的“纸条”,用户在“纸条”上记录进行了什么操作,如部署代币、转移代币等。然后由中心化(或去中心化)的机构对纸条进行收集、整理和计算,最终得出代币持有和交易数据。

BRC-20 代币的价值,更多的来自“共识”而非效用,当更多的用户认可其价值之后,“纸条”便升级成了“钞票”。正如 BTC 的价值诞生过程,在最初阶段也被认为是一文不名的数据,通过共识的凝聚提升了价值。

递归铭文

比特币铭文一个重大限制在于单次储存容量仅 4 M,如 BRC-721 协议使用第三方储存来解决这个问题(参照传统 NFT),递归铭文由 Ordinals 创始人 Casey 提出,允许使用特殊的语法来引用其他铭文的内容,可构成复杂且庞大的文件,并且只需几行代码的修改,即可打造全新的 NFT 系列。

当前热门协议

Taproot Assets

Taproot Assets(原 Taro)是一个由 Taproot 支持的协议,用于在比特币区块链上发行资产。可通过其创建可在闪电网络传输的资产,从而实现即时、大容量和低费用的交易。

Lightning Labs 开发了“Taproot Assets”,使比特币以可扩展的方式成为多资产网络,同时秉承比特币的原则。 Taproot Assets 依赖于比特币的最新升级 Taproot 来实现新的树结构,允许开发人员在现有输出中嵌入任意资产元数据。它使用 Schnorr 签名来提高简单性和可扩展性,而且重要的是,它可以通过闪电网络处理多跳交易。

Atomicals Protocol

Atomicals 协议是一个简单而灵活的协议,用于在 UTXO 区块链(如比特币网络)创建、传输和更新数字对象(传统上称为 NFT)。Atomical(或“ATOM”)是一种数字对象的创建、传输和更新的控制方式。

不同于最初为 NFT 设计的 Ordinals,它从底层重新思考了如何在 BTC 上中心化的、不可篡改、公平地发行 token

Atomicals 以比特币的最小单位 sat 作为基本“原子”,每一个 sat 的 UTXO 用来代表这个 Token 本身, 1 token = 1 sat。

当验证一个 Atomicals 交易时,只需要在 BTC 链上查询对应 sat 的 UTXO 即可。ARC 20 Token 的原子性和 BTC 本身的原子性保持一致,ARC 20 的转账的计算完全由 BTC 基础网络处理。因此相比 BRC-20 , ARC-20 的交易对第三方排序器的需求大大降低,极大的提高了整个系统的去中心化程度。

BRC-420 

官方文档:BRC-420 协议引入了一种元宇宙中的数字资产管理方法,为创作者提供了一个全面的系统,可以通过递归、许可和版税来管理、共享其创作并从中获利。其特征包括:

  • 基于递归功能,可实现复杂的、递归的数字资产格式,支持各种递归资产格式(2D、3D)。

  • 与区块链集成以实现自动版税转移,将使用权与版税联系起来,使创作者受益。

比特币生态还有很多新鲜事物正在不断涌现,Odaily星球日报也将持续关注。对比特币生态感兴趣的读者,也欢迎添加官方微信账号(Odaily 2018 或者 odaily 001)进入社群。

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