杀出新机遇？争议纷纷的 Bitcoin Rollup 是什么？

MarsBitPubblicato 2023-07-12Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-07-13

Introduzione

Ordinals 协议带出的 Bitcoin NFT 热潮，正在引导 Bitcoin 生态发生新的转变，越来越多的参与者开始探讨 Bitcoin 的可扩展性问题。

.details .details-cont p, p {word-break: normal; text-align: unset} p img {text-align: center !important;} Ordinals 协议带出的 Bitcoin NFT 热潮，正在引导 Bitcoin 生态发生新的转变，越来越多的参与者开始探讨 Bitcoin 的可扩展性问题。
在之前的文章中，我们介绍过「闪电网络」等 Bitcoin 第 2 层扩容解决方案。除上述解决方案外，在 Bitcoin 上应用 Rollup 协议提升可扩展性，也正在吸引更多的关注。
Bitcoin 的 Rollup
讲到 Rollup，通常都会联想到以太坊。
但在 2022 年 10 月，John Light 已发布了报告Validity Rollups on Bitcoin，展示了 Bitcoin 上应用 Rollup 协议的可行性规划和应用方法。
注：Validity Rollups on Bitcoin 报告可通过下方网址查阅：https://bitcoinrollups.org
Bitcoin 搭建的是相对简单的区块链架构，并希望让所有用户都可以在链上运行「节点」，在有需要或必要的时候，用户也可以轻松成为链上区块的开发者。
但是，如果一条区块链致力于要实现能让「所有」用户都轻松地运行完整节点，它一定需要设立规则限制这条链上验证区块时的计算量。
这样的矛盾，其实是去中心化与算力分布规模的矛盾。伴随 Bitcoin 的发展，这种紧张关系愈发明显，而能够缓和这种紧张关系的关键解决办法，就在于区块链可扩展性的提升。
提升可扩展性，目前关注度较高的解决方案包括通过分片、链上优化或链下设置通道解决。「闪电网络」就是在链下搭建支付通道，汇总到链上结算，通过减少交易次数实现扩展的解决方案；而应用 Rollup 协议的解决方案则是一种试图在链上放置尽可能少的数据，同时保持交易执行在链外的解决方案。
两者的区别在：「闪电网络」的大量交易数据保存在链下，但部署 Rollup 协议并不是将大量交易数据放在链下处理，它依旧是一种在链上进行数据优化的扩展解决方案。

△ Bitcoin Rollup 分层展示示例图
图源/bitcoinrollups.org
上图展示了 Rollup 协议在 Bitcoin 上的分层应用：在 Bitcoin 的第 2 层有 2 个 Rollup 协议, 一个用于提供数据可用性，一个用于提供安全性支付和合约；在 Bitcoin 的第 3 层也有 3 个 Rollup 协议，也分别用于不同的用例，包括 P2P 支付、金融合约、游戏资产转让。
Rollup 的类型
目前，应用在 Bitcoin 上的 Rollup 解决方案，讨论热度最高的是 Sovereign Rollup 解决方案（常译作「主权 Rollup」），与过去常见的经典 Rollup 协议，两者的主要区别在于如何利用主网、是否独立于主网。
应用经典 Rollup 协议的解决方案，使用区块链的第 1 层（即「主网」）作为数据的可用层和结算层，相关数据不仅会存放在主网上，第 2 层相关数据也会写入到第 1 层。同时，交易由主网上的智能合约进行验证，比如以太坊上的知名 Rollup 项目 Arbitrum、Optimism 等。
应用 Sovereign Rollup 的解决方案，仅使用区块链的第 1 层作为数据的可用层，但不使用第 1 层执行结算。存放在第 2 层的数据，不会被写入到第 1 层，有一定的独立性。同时，交易由 Sovereign Rollup 上的节点进行验证，即使用 Sovereign Rollup 所在的第 2 层进行执行结算。

△ Sovereign Rollup 在链上的分层结构图 & 验证逻辑展示图
图源/celestia.org
Sovereign Rollup 运作方式的价值在于：无论第 1 层主网是遭遇了黑客攻击，还是需要进行技术升级，第 2 层都不受影响；其次，第 2 层并没有丢失第 1 层的数据安全性和抗审查性——这样的运作方式，对于 Bitcoin 这条主网算力受限的区块链而言，无疑是更可取的。
了解 Rollkit
Bitcoin 社区对 Sovereign Rollup 的关注兴起于 2023 年 3 月。
彼时，Celestia 开发的开源技术框架 Rollkit 刚刚宣布完成了一项能将 Rollup 数据直接存储在 Bitcoin 链上的研究。此后，开发人员能够使用 Rollkit 在 Bitcoin 上部署 Rollup 协议提升可扩展性，并且最大限度地降低网络操作成本。
而 Rollkit 框架最大的特点之一是：可以允许开发人员自定义选择数据可用性层和执行层，同时支持开发人员进行 Sovereign Rollup 的部署。

△ Rollkit 模块化开发框架
图源/rollkit.dev
应用展望
Rollup 在以太坊上的积极应用部署，已经在逐步改变区块链用户对于以太坊上交易、数据存储、链上验证的感知。
虽然，Rollup 在 Bitcoin 上的部署尚处于起步阶段，但伴随 Rollkit 等开发工具的功能演进，也许在不久的将来，Rollup 同样会给 Bitcoin 社区带来更多值得探索的新范式。

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