USDC脱锚对DeFi的未来影响

区块引擎Pubblicato 2023-03-19Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-03-19

Introduzione

USDC是DeFi最常用的稳定币之一,因此当价格脱钩时,就导致了整个DeFi的流动性状况全面迅速恶化。

事件概要

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3月10日星期五,拥有2090亿美元资产的硅谷银行 (SVB) 被监管机构关闭,这是自全球金融危机以来最大的银行倒闭事件。与抵押品风险管理不善导致的全球金融危机银行倒闭不同,SVB倒闭是由于美联储面临高通胀,导致利率迅速上升,加剧了久期风险管理不善。当银行长期锁定过多资金用于投资而无法满足短期存款取款需求时,就会产生久期风险。一旦银行的情况在社交媒体上传播,储户就会争先恐后地提取存款,导致银行挤兑,最终银行被 FDIC 接管。

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Circle是DeFi最常用的稳定币之一USDC背后的公司,在SVB持有约 33 亿美元的现金储备。虽然这些资金约占USDC 400亿美元储备的8%,但它们显然是流动性最强的(大部分储备由纽约梅隆银行持有)。USDC 持有者担心Circle满足赎回请求的能力可能会受到严重影响。结果,USDC持有者迅速逃离,导致CEX的存款水平创历史新高,并导致DeFi内部出现流动性紧缩。

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最终,Coinbase暂停了USDC到USD的兑换,因为USDC的价格偏离了1.00美元的挂钩汇率。USDC需求的快速下降导致价格在周六早上下跌超过13%至0.87美元的低点,然后当Circle确保赎回通常在周一进行时,价格最终回升至0.95-0.97美元。随着美国政府宣布所有 SVB 储户将全部兑付时,USDC 的价格终于恢复1美元的锚定价格。

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尽管脱钩事件是由于担心USDC的存款储备而引起的,但DeFi加剧了波动性。最大的 USDC DEX矿池之一是Curve 3pool,它假设其中的三个稳定币都应该是1.00美元。然而,当脱钩时,集中的流动性机制和激励措施会迅速导致价格进一步下跌。此外,在 DeFi的其他领域中,USDC非常值得信赖,协议硬编码了1.00美元的假设。最值得注意的是Maker的锚定稳定模块 (PSM),它支持DAI锚定。凭借硬编码的USDC价格,Maker和DAI吸收了大量风险和波动性,因为套利者能够利用价格差异向PSM转移超过20亿美元的USDC,使Maker持有的USDC增加了一倍以上。

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虽然Circle的33亿美元SVB存款可能会恢复,但对DeFi的影响将在未来几个月内持续。对于投资者而言,需要关注的关键领域是:

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>稳定币供应:大部分USDC在哪里,哪些生态系统和协议暴露最多?

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>流动性:使用USDC进行掉期和货币流动有多容易?自脱钩事件以来,流动性如何下降?

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>杠杆和清算:押注重新建立挂钩汇率的杠杆率是多少,级联清算会在什么价格水平进一步压低 USDC 价格?

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稳定币供应

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以太坊是USDC的主要生态系统,占400亿美元供应量中的380亿美元。自USDC脱钩事件以来,以太坊外部所有地址 (EOA) 已售出超过40亿美元的USDC,导致EOA持有的余额创下 12 个月新低。

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EOA持有者释放的供应量主要被CEX吸收,因为在过去14天内交易所持有的余额增加了近50%。这约占EOA向市场倾销的供应量的一半。另一半分布在DeFi中,即在 DEX 池和借贷市场中,持有人在这些市场中寻求没有市场风险或depeg风险的代币。例如,如前所述,Maker的PSM有近20亿美元的USDC流入,而Curve的3pool有16亿美元的流入,因为持有者换成了其他更有利的代币。

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在以太坊之外,由于USDC持有者逃离USDC和链生态系统,替代的Layer-1s (L1s) 供应量大幅下降。然而,以太坊的第2层 (L2) 生态系统在 depeg 事件期间经历了 USDC 的涌入,这表明与其他新兴生态系统相比,L2拥有更有利的用户粘性以及流动性。

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Arbitrum 现在是仅次于以太坊的 USDC 的第二大生态系统,继 depeg 事件期间其他链的供应变化之后。在过去的两周里,Arbitrum 的 USDC 流入量约为 5000 万美元,而 Solana、Polygon 和 Avalanche 等生态系统同期的流出量约为 50 至 1.5 亿美元。在过去的一个月里,Arbitrum 一直保持着主要生态系统中最高的 TVL 增长率(变化率),这表明相关活动不断增加。

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虽然 USDC 供应从 EOA 钱包流入 DeFi 协议和不断发展的生态系统似乎是一个可管理的流动性环境,但在周末,情况并非如此。

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稳定币流动性

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USDC 位于 DeFi 的中心。两个核心 DEX 池是 Curve 3pool 和 Uniswap ETH<>USDC 5 bps 池。 USDC 也是 Aave 和 Compound 等货币市场上流动性最强的稳定币,并且占据 DAI 抵押品中的大部分。因此,USDC 维持其挂钩和可用流动性对 DeFi 运营至关重要。

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然而,一旦挂钩确实发生,DeFi 就开始出现裂痕。在 DEX 上,USDC被 LP 和用户放弃。 3pool 有 16 亿美元的 USDC 流入,对应于 USDT 的类似流出。最终,由于 USDT 的份额从池流动性的三分之一以上下降到近 1%,池中的 USDT 几乎被耗尽。

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Uniswap 也出现了类似的结果。主要的 USDC <> USDT 池中的 USDT 也被抽干,因为 99% 或 3100 万美元的 USDT 被交易或从池中提取。

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由于所有逃离 USDC 的活动以及由此产生的套利机会,DEX 创造了有史以来交易量最高的日子之一。 3 月 11 日的交易额接近 250 亿美元,创下新高。 Uniswap 占 DEX 总交易量的一半多一点(120 亿美元),而 Curve 的 80 亿美元交易量占了另一大部分。

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然而,随着所有理想的交易对手流动性都被耗尽,剩余的 USDC 持有者几乎没有办法在没有市场风险或严重滑点的情况下卖出USDC。在 CEX 之外退出的唯一其他场所是货币市场和债务协议,如 Maker。

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与 DEX 类似,货币市场很快就看到像 USDT 这样的理想资产几乎全部被借入。这大大提高了 USDT 在 Aave 市场的 APR, 达到 70-90% 的利用率。​

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加剧流动性问题的是,Aave 和 Compound 都制定了紧急治理参数更改,以在 USDC 继续脱钩的情况下保护协议免受坏账的影响。 Aave 最终冻结了 V3 Avalanche 部署中的稳定币市场,因为它迄今为止通过 V3 的效率模式最容易受到稳定币对偏差的影响。同样,Compound 在其 V2 协议中冻结了 USDC 的新存款,以减少引入新的潜在坏账。

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虽然 Aave 和 Compound 是 USDC 的大市场,分别为 1.2 亿美元和 6 亿美元,但 Maker 迄今为止拥有 44 亿美元 USDC 的债务协议。然而,大部分 USDC 都被锁定在 PSM 中,PSM 的功能更类似于 DEX 而不是债务协议,因为它支持 DAI 和 USDC 之间的 1:1 交换。 PSM 设计有效地假设 USDC 价值 1.00 美元,当脱钩时,PSM 成为 USDC 的倾销场,吸收了近 20 亿美元的 USDC。为了限制潜在风险并激励其他稳定机构,如 USDP,Maker 进行了紧急投票,以抑制 USDC 在 PSM 中的使用,并暂停使用 USDC 作为抵押品来铸造 DAI。目前,Maker 承担了盲目接受 USDC 进入 PSM 的巨大风险,现在锚定已经恢复,Maker 有额外的 20 亿美元 USDC,一旦市场情况得到充分明确,它可以从中寻求收入。

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杠杆和清算

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虽然像 USDT 这样理想的稳定币的借贷利率飙升,但还有另一阵营的参与者认为挂钩会迅速恢复并使用链上货币市场来押注USDC。这些交易员持有大量杠杆USDC和 DAI 的头寸,其清算点接近交易价格。

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超过 6600 万美元的 DAI 和 USDC 在 3 月 12 日的交易价格的 10% 以内可清算。如果脱钩继续恶化,那么随着清算的到来,这些头寸将导致价格迅速下跌。然而,在 Circle的保证和政府的行动下,有效恢复了挂钩,这些头寸为承担风险获得了可观利润。

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下一步呢?

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​通过本周末的事件,我们可以发现 DeFi 过度依赖 USDC。然而,问题不在于 USDC,而在于 DeFi 协议中采用的严格的机械假设。假设 USDC 或一揽子价格始终等于 1 美元的协议对 USDC 或一揽子价格进行硬编码。这样的假设,正如事件所证明的那样,并不总是成立。

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我们应该着眼于构建足够机动以能够响应市场条件的假设最小化的 DeFi 协议。

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除了设计更具活力的系统之外,DeFi 协议还应该在不过度破坏流动性的情况下尽可能地使稳定币多样化。这在很大程度上意味着设计更多像 DAI 这样的加密抵押稳定币。 Aave 和 Curve 是今年推出稳定币的两个项目,它们为稳定币的采用提供了可行的途径,而不是依赖于 USDC。

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随着 USDC 恢复挂钩,预计 DeFi 将在短期内恢复正常业务。从长远来看,投资者和用户都应该寻找推出替代稳定币和协议并采用降低风险的动态设计的项目。

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