美国第一个100%核能比特币矿场诞生,能否可持续发展?

吴说区块链Pubblicato 2023-03-07Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-03-07

Introduzione

近期,美国首个承载比特币挖矿服务的核动力数据中心宣告正式建成。这一事件使得核能挖矿再次进入了人们的视野。一直以来,核能挖矿的可行性问题也是各国专家的争论焦点。而其是否能承担起一条可持续发展道路的重担,还需要更多的实践成果来佐证。

摘要:

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近期,美国首个承载比特币挖矿服务的核动力数据中心宣告正式建成。这一事件使得核能挖矿再次进入了人们的视野。其实在过去的很长一段时间里,核能挖矿就因其高效清洁的特性加之对挖矿高能量需求的轻易满足,已经被一些东欧国家投入使用。对于一些能源相对过剩的国家而言,核能可以转化为经济价值无疑相当具有性价比。但因核能自身难以把控的性质,一直以来,核能挖矿的可行性问题也是各国专家的争论焦点。而其是否能承担起一条可持续发展道路的重担,还需要更多的实践成果来佐证。

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前言

一直以来,大家都十分清楚开采比特币需要大量的电力,随着环保意识的不断增强,对于比特币挖矿能否利用清洁能源的核能进行投入使用,已经成为人们热议的话题。对此,有些国家已经实际投入使用,有些还在犹豫观望,对于可行还是非可行的讨论也已经成为各方专家争相讨论的话题,接下来就由笔者带大家详细了解一下关于核能挖矿的实践和讨论。

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核能挖矿实践

近期,零碳数据中心制造商 Cumulus Data 宣布完成了一个与宾夕法尼亚州的 Susquehanna 核电站相连的数据中心——Cumulus Susquehanna data center campus,它是美国首个承载比特币挖矿服务的核动力数据中心,其计划在今年就开始为比特币矿业公司 TeraWulf 进行服务。接下来先简单介绍一下这几家公司的主要背景。

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一、Cumulus Data

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Cumulus Data 是独立电力生产商 Talen Energy 的子公司,Talen 主要就是以长期 ESG(即环境、社会和公司治理)战略为主导,以脱碳、可再生能源、电池存储和数字基础设施为中心,使 Talen 在发展业务的同时,减少对环境和社会的负面影响。因此,推进清洁能源基础设施,直接连接到低成本、无碳电力的超大规模数据中心是 Talen 发展的必然方向,而 Cumulus Data 要做的就是顺着这个方向,融合数字基础设施和清洁能源,让超大规模数据中心直接连接到零碳、低成本、可靠的电源。

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二、Susquehanna和Cumulus Susquehanna data center campus

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Susquehanna 核电站也是 Talen 能源公司的旗下公司。Talen 在其附近建造一个超大规模的数据中心园区 Cumulus Susquehanna data center campus,将为园区内的数据中心客户提供低成本、可靠、低碳的电力能源,使客户能够直接受益于园区内提供的低碳能源,园区内将由超过 1 GW 的超可靠、零碳、24x7(7天24小时)无间断供应核电提供动力,具有行业领先的 TCO 和美国最低的总电力成本之一 。

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三、TeraWulf

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自称作为世界上第一家专注于 ESG 的加密货币挖矿公司,TeraWulf 的目标就是完善使用绿色能源进行比特币挖矿。而且考虑到可持续发展的问题,TeraWulf 在其遍布美国的采矿设施中使用了超过 91% 的零碳能源来生产比特币。

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由上可以看出,作为首个用于比特币挖矿的数据中心,其承载的就是对于核能本身的能源考量,目前看来,其实践思路和公司能力都是相当可观的,整体发展的结果还要静待后续的发展状况。

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3月6日 TeraWulf 发布新闻稿称已建立美国第一个由 100% 核电大规模供电的地下比特币挖矿设施,直接从宾夕法尼亚州的 2.5 GW Susquehanna 核电站采购可靠、无碳和 24x7 基本负载电力。目前,公司已将近 8,000 台矿机上线,算力约为 1.0 EH/s。TeraWulf 受益于 Nautilus 的固定电力成本,在五年内电费仅为每千瓦时 0.02 美元。公司的目标是在 2023 年第二季度算力达到为 5.5 EH/s(50,000 台矿机,160 MW)。

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早期核能挖矿

对于使用核能挖矿,其实一些东欧国家很早就开始投入使用了,由于东欧有大量苏联时期遗留的核电站,加之国内工业经济发展不足,电力严重过剩,国营核电站亏损严重,唯有发展比特币挖矿,才能利用废电、给当地带来收入增长。于国家而言,能让过剩能源在其他领域发光发热也是他们乐见其成的事情。

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2017 年 9 月,俄罗斯的列宁格勒地区州长邀请加密货币矿工到圣彼得堡附近的索斯诺贝布,让他们在老列宁格勒核电站建设工业规模的矿场。随后,俄罗斯财政部起草了相关法律,使加密货币合法化。同年 12 月,白俄罗斯总统表示该国政府将保护并促进本国加密货币产业的发展,将运用本国多余核能为新的矿场供电。2019 年,白俄罗斯总统在与 IT 行业代表的一次会议上再次表示,要以举国之力发展数字货币挖矿,允许挖矿业在本国设立工厂,并运用多余核能为矿场提供电力。

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此外,2020 年 5 月 6 日,乌克兰能源部在发布的声明中指出,比特币和数字货币挖矿是一种现代有效利用多余能源的方式。由于新冠疫情的封锁,当地的核电站产生了大量的盈余电力资源。之后乌克兰能源部就要求国有企业 Energoatom 研究利用核能发电设施进行比特币挖矿的潜在方法。随后,Eneroatom 在 2021 年宣布计划在该国的核电站附近建立一批巨型数据中心,用于挖掘比特币以及存储国家敏感信息。

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核能挖矿是否可行

一、可行原因

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1、核能是一种高效清洁能源,环境影响小,碳排放也极小,适合开采。

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2、核电的温室气体排放量仅为同等规模煤电的百分之一,并且二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟尘等污染物排放也很少。

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3、核电造价较高,但运营费用很低,像美国、法国等核电大国,核电成本已经低于火电。

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4、核电投入一旦使用,仅需数年检查一次,多数时间都可提供大量稳定的电力输出,利于矿机平稳运行。

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5、加密货币挖矿的高能量需求可以通过核能的高密度特性轻松满足,一次聚变/裂变反应产生的能量远远超过数百万次燃烧反应的总和。

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6、与外部环境相关性小,核能发电不受季节或地理位置的影响,偏远地区也可供电,不影响工业地区的用电。

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7、矿工和核电站可以双向受益。核能可以带来长期的可行性,而且伴随着核能价格的稳步下降,意味着矿工可以节省额外的资金。同时,挖矿工作灵活可控,且过剩电力产能用以挖矿,也能给核电站带来可观的额外收益。

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二、非可行原因

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1、核电站作为国之重器,具有极大的安全性要求。利用核能大规模挖矿,容易引发舆论的反弹。

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2、相比火力发电站而言,核电站功率调整较为困难。到达满功率后,核电站调整功率需要频繁调节控制棒,既影响机组使用寿命,也带来诸多安全隐患。

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3、核电站所烧的铀 235 稀缺且核废料不好处理。

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4、一旦发生事故将产生极大的安全危害,以及相关产业链全部为国企、军工等,加上经济快速发展、工业本身用电仍非常紧缺,国内利用核能挖矿的可能性几乎为零。

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总结

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总体而言,若是用于加密挖矿,核能拥有许多优势,特别是像比特币这样需要大量电力的加密货币。尽管核能会带来一些潜在的风险,但与核能的能力相比,其风险可能会置后考虑。目前,比特币挖矿产业已经发展为一个全球性产业,利用过剩能源为国家创造更大的效益可能也会成为一种未来趋势。至于利用核能挖矿能否成为一条可持续发展的道路还需要更多的实践结果来证明,就目前而言,利用核能挖矿还没有大面积地投入使用,属于发展的前期阶段,还需继续观察研究。

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