【研报精选】SocialFi吸睛: Nostr 向左, Farcaster 向右

BanklessPubblicato 2023-02-02Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-02-02

Introduzione

Nostr 更像比特币, Farcaster 更像以太坊。

撰文:0xOrange

2月1日,Twitter 联合创始人 Jack Dorsey 发布推文表示,基于分布式社交媒体协议 Nostr 的社交产品 Damus 和 Amethyst 正式在苹果 App Store 和谷歌 Google Play Store 上线,不出意外, 微信朋友圈和推特时间线都被各自的公钥字母刷屏,去中心化社交再次成为热议的话题。

同时,大家不可避免会将其和推特这样经典的 WEB2 社交产品进行对比,只是有的人在对比过程中会错误匹配,比如将Twitter 和 Nostr 进行对比,或者说将 Damus 等同于 Nostr ,这里的误区在于,Nostr 本质是协议,Damus 是根据协议开发的第三方应用,类似于 Damus 这样的应用还有很多个,以下为 Nostr 不同客户端实现的对比。

Nostr 是一个最简化的协议,致力于创建一个抗审查的全球“社交”网络,这样的愿景反应的是当下的社交困境:社交网络被审查,不自由。

最常谈的例子当然是推特,但是,推特做错了吗?

我觉得未必,因为他是一家在美国登记注册的私营公司(曾经是上市公司),这注定了它需要接受监管,要对股东负责,要有盈利的商业模式……它是一家商业公司,而不是言论自由的卫道者。

作为一家公司, 他有权制定自己的言论审查边界,比如当各种儿童色情、仇杀、种族仇恨的言论充斥平台,必然导致劣币驱逐良币,从而影响广告商的投放需求,此外,政府、公众舆论甚至是内部员工的意见都可能成为压力,影响到言论审查。

谁来捍卫社交网络的自由?我觉得不应让公司或者说应用来全然承担责任,而是交由类似于 Nostr、 Farcaster 这样的协议,代码保障自由。

用最常见的比方,Nostr、Farcaster 就是社交的 Layer1,提供了一个真正自由的“公共”空间,其他各类开发者、私营公司可以基于这个公共广场构建应用,理论上推特等经典 WEB2 应用也可以基于 Nostr 构建,在社交的 Layer2 比拼的是 UI\UX,策展,运营……各家应用可能有不同的言论审查尺度,但这不影响“源信息”的存在,哪怕某些信息在某个应用被屏蔽了,在另外一个应用,他依然能够展示,这也让每个人可以自由选择自己喜欢的应用。

Nostr、 Farcaster 则是比较有代表性的社交协议层,此外,还有 Lens Protocol、和 DeSo,他们有着同一个目标,但技术路线甚至是“协议性格”都有所不同。

综合对比,Nostr 和 Farcaster,一个简单的结论是:Nostr 更像比特币, Farcaster 更像以太坊。

本质上看,Farcaster 依然是一家由 VC 提供资金支持的公司,由前 Coinbase 高管 Dan Romero 建立,在 2022 年 7 月获得了 3000 万美元融资,a16z 领投。

Farcaster 的早期邀请用户群主要是 VC、项目方创始人、以太坊社区用户。

在设计上, Farcaster 使用以太坊架构,在 Farcaster 上创建个人资料会生成助记词和以太坊 Goerli 测试网上的身份,Farcaster 选择在链上托管用户身份信息,即全球数据注册处。

因为在链上存储信息本身是昂贵的,Farcaster 的取舍是,将一个人的身份信息以及读写数据的能力存于链上,其它数据信息(比如发送的私信等)则会被存储在链下服务器 Farcaster Hubs 中,以此确保用户可以完全掌握自己的身份、社交关系以及数据信息。

目前,有超过 30 个应用程序建立在 Farcaster 协议上。

相比 Farcaster 的数千万美元融资,Nostr 则显得寒酸,它由一群匿名开发者建立,没有拿外部融资,后来从推特创始人 Jack Dorsey 那里获得了 14 BTC 的捐赠,这也是唯一的外部资金。

在早期,Nostr 的支持者主要是以 Jack 为首的比特币爱好者, 包括最早为中本聪架设比特币论坛的核心开发者 Martti Malmi 基于 Nostr 协议开发了客户端 iris.to。

与比特币一样,Nostr 追求的是“简单”,每个用户的身份信息就是公钥,核心就是两个组件,客户端和中继器(也可以叫转发器)。

每个人都运行一个客户端,要发布某些内容时,你要用你的密钥对其签名,并将其发送到多个中继器(由其他人或你自己托管的服务器),要从其他人那里获得更新,你可以询问多个中继器是否了解这些其他人。

任何人都可以运行中继器,我们也不需要信任中继器,签名是在客户端进行验证的。

用 BTCStudy Ajian 的一句话总结就是,Nostr 是基于公钥的、极简的、抗审查的信息传输协议。

除了 Nostr 和 Farcaster ,最火热的社交协议当属 Lens Protocol,由 DeFi 借贷项目 Aave 创始人 Stani Kulechov 在 Polygon 上构建的一个去中心化社交媒体协议。

Lens Protocol 的核心在于充分利用了 NFT 的潜力,以 NFT 为基础构建社交图谱。

比如,当你创建 Lens 个人资料时,你的以太坊钱包中生成铸造一个NFT;当你在 Lenster 上关注某人时,你在链上铸造了一个“粉丝”NFT(Follow NFT)且每个 NFT 都有独一无二的编号,记录了建立 / 关注的顺序。

因此,在 Lens Protocol 下,社交关系不仅仅是作为一种数据,更是一种可转移交易的资产。

从生态发展的角度来看,Lens Protocol 应该是目前最火热的社交协议,这一定程度来源于其组件模块化的设计。

Lens Protocol 对开发者异常友好,允许开发者使用模块化组件在 Lens 上任意搭建自己的社交应用,包括大量 Web3 和 Web2 工具,或链上和链下数据,所有这些都由 LensAPI 绑定在一起。比如数据托管,应用程序可以选择 IPFS 和 Arweave 等去中心化存储方式,也可以选择 AWS 等传统方式;可以选择 XMTP 或 Dialect 进行直接消息传递,选择 Push 或 Notify 发送通知。

在传统互联网领域,社交是明珠,因为具有强大的网络效应,社交图谱带来的寡头效应特别明显,比如包括探探、陌陌等在内大多数社交应用的社交终点其实是微信,任何人都很难离开微信沉淀的社交关系。

不谈去中心化社交能否颠覆传统社交关系和图谱,这里要问的一个问题是,去中心化社交还有网络效应么?谁会成为赢家?

传统互联网社交平台的网络效应和垄断优势很大程度来源于,封闭和许可,构建起属于自己的后花园,一段时间后,用户退出这些平台的代价十分高昂,因为不能带走社交关系和图谱。

但在去中心化社交中,无许可,以及用户控制自己的社交关系下(前提是真的控制),用户退出成本较低,从而使网络效应更难积累。

或者说,去中心化协议可以积累部分网络效应,但应用很难积累网络效应。

这或许就是一种加密自由。

仅抛砖引玉,与诸位共同探讨。

Letture associate

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