美联储主席角逐暗流涌动, 「从华尔街抽水」成核心议题

深潮Publicado a 2025-11-13Actualizado a 2025-11-14

特朗普渴望低利率,但他青睐的美联储主席候选人们却主张限制央行实现低利率的核心工具——量化宽松。

来源:金十数据

美国总统特朗普麾下的美联储主席主要竞争者,正围绕一项看似与特朗普风格相悖的政策形成共识。

Politico 报道称,特朗普持续高声抨击现任美联储主席鲍威尔,其真正意图在于明年能够任命一位与自身理念更契合的新央行行长。然而在这场接班人角逐中,大量讨论却聚焦于一个看似与特朗普主张背道而驰的议题:限制美联储金融资产的持有规模。

众所周知,特朗普钟爱低利率。他屡次表态希望降低抵押贷款利率,并减少联邦政府承担的债务利息支出。但如今政策势头却倾向于限制美联储实现该目标的政策工具——当前美联储持有规模远超 6 万亿美元的资产,源于该机构在历次危机中除将短期利率降至零外,还通过购入数万亿美元国债和抵押贷款支持证券来扩张资产负债表,从而压低对购房购车贷款者更为关键的长期利率。

如今,特朗普盟友正在激辩美联储是否应在下一轮衰退中减少干预。这向正在权衡央行行长人选的总统抛出一个关键问题:他究竟希望削弱美联储对市场的影响力,还是想利用这种影响力来实现其追求极致低利率的目标?

负责遴选工作的财政部长贝森特——其本人也被特朗普视为候选人之一,在某篇 5000 字杂志长文中写道,美联储必须承诺「缩减其对市场的扭曲性影响」。共和党人长期指责美联储通过向金融体系注入巨额现金干扰市场纪律,贝森特更将当前政府与市场的关系广义界定为不健康状态。

这种观点也获得美联储主席候选名单上其他人的共鸣。前美联储理事凯文·沃什(Kevin Warsh)近期在福克斯商业频道用民粹主义话语宣称:「要把钱从华尔街抽出来。」在上月的圆桌记者会上,当被问及是否寻求支持缩表的美联储主席候选人时,贝森特未直接表态。他解释其文章主旨更具前瞻性:旨在警示未来资产购买行为,而非要求立即收缩美联储规模。

「正如抗生素的疗效会递减,连续干预措施的效果也会逐步减弱,」他向笔者坦言,但承认改革确是其遴选工作的考量要素。然而据笔者观察,特朗普唯一一次对美联储资产负债表规模表态,竟是 2018 年 12 月在某条晦涩推文中要求停止缩表——因担忧关键融资市场流动性受阻。

部分主要候选人则展现出不同立场。沃什近十五年来持续推动限制央行规模,主张收缩美联储资产负债表将使其能在不引发通胀的前提下调降短期利率(当然并非所有专家认同此观点)。被贝森特列入终选名单的美联储理事米歇尔·鲍曼(Michelle Bowman)则呼吁建立「尽可能小的资产负债表」,并将其阐释为预留政策空间之道。

贝森特本人亦未完全排除执掌美联储的可能性。虽此前曾表示婉拒,但特朗普最新表态耐人寻味:「我正在考虑他执掌美联储...但他不愿接任。他更热衷财长职务,因此我们并未真正将其纳入考量。」

当前局面的成因之一,是对于美联储权力扩张的忧虑确实驱动着贝森特、沃什等人的行动。财长的论点在多方面体现小政府理念,他在《国际经济》杂志撰文指出,美联储的资产购买(即量化宽松)为国会新冠后的大规模支出创造空间,并通过人为推高资产价格加剧财富不平等。

但难以相信政策决策高度随性的特朗普,会需要拒绝在衰退期全力施救的美联储领导层。不过对于希望制约美联储市场存在的共和党人而言,这或许是最佳时机。

目前美联储已定于 12 月 1 日停止缩表,该决策旨在防范金融体系流动性阻滞。正在休假的白宫首席经济学家、美联储理事斯蒂芬·米兰(Stephen Miran)支持此决定。他向笔者分析,此举对市场的提振效果可能有限,因央行将同步以短期国债置换抵押贷款支持证券——这意味着市场将承担美联储原持有的长期债务风险。

对于更积极的干预措施,米兰表示当美联储实现充分就业和物价稳定的双重使命面临「重大而非轻微风险」时,他并不反对量化宽松。需要明确的是,包括量化宽松如何影响市场定价、能在多大程度刺激衰退经济等关键问题,学界至今未达成共识。

鲍威尔在上月演讲中暗示,回溯来看,美联储 2021 年的资产购买可能持续过久——这正是一些专家当年的观点。但他同时捍卫量化宽松作为关键政策工具的价值,特别是在 2020 年新冠疫情导致市场冻结、失业率飙升之时。

当前核心问题在于,随着鲍威尔主席任期于明年 5 月届满,未来数月局势将如何演变。对量化宽松持更谨慎态度的声音正获得更大影响力,这预示着美联储应对未来经济衰退的方式或将发生深刻转变。

但无论最终人选是谁,有理由相信特朗普任命的美联储官员在经济放缓时仍将被迫动用所有政策工具——尤其在美国民众对生活成本忧心忡忡的当下。诚如世人所言,身临危难时,世人皆求神。这些候选人现在的强硬立场,在未来的危机面前都会不攻自破。

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