解读 CZ 赦免案,美国赦免制度对币圈有何影响?

深潮Publicado a 2025-10-29Actualizado a 2025-10-30

聊聊美国的赦免制度,看看这一制度是如何在赵长鹏被赦免事件中发挥作用的。

撰文:肖飒律师团队

就在 10 月 23 日,美国白宫正式宣布特朗普行使总统赦免权赦免了币安的前 CEO 赵长鹏,这一事件在币圈引发轩然大波,其中既有对事件本身的不解和惊讶,也有对未来加密货币行业影响的思考。

今天飒姐团队就和大家聊聊美国的赦免制度,看看这一制度是如何在赵长鹏被赦免事件中发挥作用的。

一、「堪比国王」——不受限制的总统赦免权

美国是联邦体制,因此在赦免权上也是采用二元制,即联邦总统与各州规定的机构行使各自的赦免权。

在联邦,美国宪法第 2 条第 1 款第 1 项明确规定:「除了弹劾案以外, 总统……享有对侵害合众国的犯罪批准缓刑和赦免的权力。」这意味着美国总统可以对除弹劾案件外的任何联邦犯罪行使赦免权。

在各州,赦免权如何行使主要由州宪法规定,主要有四种形式:即州长独享、委员会或咨询团体独享、州长作为委员会成员部分享有赦免权、委员会或咨询团意见对州长赦免权有约束性。

飒姐团队在这一部分将围绕总统赦免权这一美国赦免制度中最广为人知、也最典型的部分,展现美国赦免制度是如何运行、生效的。

根据《美国联邦法典》对总统赦免程序的规定,总统赦免由犯罪人自行申请,申请理由主要是接受刑事责任,认真悔罪,弥补犯罪以及能够好好生活,同时在申请书上应当附有至少 3 份品格证人的书面陈述。

赦免申请由司法部下设的赦免事务办公室受理,并责成其他机关(如联邦调查局)协助其对赦免申请展开调查。在考虑是否建议赦免时还应听取相关机构和被害人意见,并作出是否赦免的建议报告,然后提交司法部副部长审阅签名并由其转交总统顾问,总统顾问在合适时机转呈总统决定是否赦免。

从该程序的完备程度来看,似乎总统赦免权受到了严格的程序限制,但事实上该程序只是对想要申请赦免的犯罪人的限制。

如果总统想自行行使该权力以赦免某人,几乎不会受到任何限制,除了宪法条文里所写的「限于联邦犯罪」和「弹劾案除外」。在 Eparte Garland (1866) 案中,美国最高法院也明确指出总统的赦免权是「广泛且无限制的」。

之所以总统能享有如此之大的权力,一方面是殖民地时期的历史使其受到英国君主制的影响,早在 7 世纪英王就享有赦免罪犯的权力;另一方面也是三权分立架构下,为了制衡立法权和司法权而设立的一项由行政机关独立裁量的权力,确保能在必要时候对不公正审判的受害者施以仁慈。

在行使赦免权之后,其法律效果主要包括两部分,一是免除全部或部分宣告刑的效果,二是恢复被定罪以前的所有权利,包括选举和被选举权、担任公职权及从事特定职业权等。同样是在 Eparte Garland (1866) 案中,美国最高法院声明赦免能「清除罪行并消除其法律后果」,使被赦免者在法律上「仿佛从未犯过罪行」。

不过尽管宣告刑被免除,所判之罪并不能被免除,其犯罪本身的事实也不能被免去,犯罪本身带来的在公众层面的道德污名也可能会一直留在人们心中。

二、赵长鹏被赦免背后的权力运行

在一窥美国的赦免制度之后,飒姐团队希望带大家了解这一制度是如何在赵长鹏被特朗普赦免事件中发挥作用的。

先把目光投向 2023 年,在加密货币监管政策收紧的全球背景下,美国司法部对赵长鹏及币安提起刑事指控,核心罪名是违反美国《银行保密法》(Bank Secrecy Act),主要指向其未能建立有效的反洗钱(AML)与客户身份验证(KYC)体系。

面对指控,赵长鹏与美国司法部达成认罪协议,个人缴纳 5000 万美元罚款,币安公司则支付高达 43 亿美元的和解金。

2024 年 4 月,美国西雅图联邦法院对该案作出判决,判处赵长鹏 4 个月监禁。服刑期满后,他离开美国且未再担任币安首席执行官。一直到 2025 年 10 月 23 日,特朗普行使总统赦免权赦免赵长鹏,使得这个本已告一段落的司法案件再度引发广泛关注。

本次特朗普行使总统赦免权就是典型的自行行使赦免权,而非由犯罪人申请,并且行使赦免权的理由和动机也完全是特朗普本人决定的,没有任何程序或者机构能限制这一权力的行使。

那么特朗普对赵长鹏的赦免具体有哪些效果呢?

  • 第一,赵长鹏本人已经服完所有宣告刑(四个月监禁),所以赦免并不能让他少坐牢;

  • 第二,赵长鹏在认罪协议中缴纳的 5000 万罚款也不会因为赦免而被美国政府归还;

  • 第三,赦免的实质性影响主要体现在其行业准入资格的恢复,也就是「复权」效果。

因为美国《银行保密法》规定曾有犯罪记录者通常被禁止参与受监管金融机构的管理或与美国金融机构建立合作关系。在赦免后,这一限制将被解除,使得赵长鹏以重新进入加密金融行业,包括担任金融科技类企业高管、恢复与美国金融机构的业务往来等。

三、赵长鹏被赦免余波下的加密货币行业

此次赵长鹏被赦免,对加密货币行业存在短期和长期的影响。

一方面,短期来看,赵长鹏被赦免对币安及加密货币市场都起到提振作用。赦免消息公布后,币安原生代币 BNB 价格一度飙升 8%,比特币等主流加密货币也同步上涨,反映出投资者对币安及行业前景的乐观预期。

然而不确定性依旧存在,因为币安仍需面对严格的监管审查,其 43 亿美元罚款和运营禁令依然有效,重返美国仍需耗费。如果币安在合规上未达预期,短期涨幅恐难以持续,投资者们也要警惕市场情绪退潮之后的市场回调风险

另一方面,长期来看,此次事件可能被视为是特朗普释放美国监管政策放松的信号。特朗普政府将赦免赵长鹏视为终结了拜登对加密货币的战争,这意味着美国在加密货币领域有可能从谨慎监管者转为积极创新者,巩固美国在加密货币行业的领导地位。

但不可忽视的事,此次赦免也引发了 「政治偏袒」的争议,因为币安与特朗普家族稳定币项目 USD1 具有密切关联,这其中是否存在「权钱交易」引人深思,在公众对加密货币监管的合规性和独立性逐渐看重的当下,如此行径加剧了加密货币行业对监管公正的担忧。

写在最后

赦免赵长鹏一事再次体现了加密货币市场如今已和全球政治高度关联,政治上的风吹草动都有可能直接影响市场的涨跌态势,乃至长远发展。

飒姐团队也在此提醒大家,既要关注世界政治经济态势放长远光,也要抓住热点过后市场情绪带来的投资红利。

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