三大主流交易范式与对应策略:加密交易者必读指南

比推Publicado a 2025-10-29Actualizado a 2025-10-29

作者:Cred

编译:Saoirse,Foresight News

原文标题:加密交易者必看的三大交易类别与策略


作为一名自主决策型交易者,将交易进行分类十分有用。

系统性交易与自主决策型交易并非二元对立或相互排斥的关系。

极端情况下,一方面是完全自动化的交易系统 —— 它始终处于「开启」状态,负责管理交易流程的每个环节;另一方面则是完全凭感觉的投机行为 —— 毫无规则可言,也不存在固定的交易策略。

从技术层面来说,只要行使任何程度的自主决策权(例如关闭自动化系统或手动调整仓位平衡),都可被归为「自主决策行为」,但这样的定义过于宽泛,缺乏实际参考价值。

实际上,我对「自主决策型交易者」的定义或许适用于大多数读者,其核心特征包括:

  • 主要以手动方式执行交易;

  • 分析围绕技术面展开(包括关键价位、图表、订单流、新闻催化剂等);

  • 主观判断交易策略是否有效、是否值得参与;

  • 对交易核心要素拥有自主决策权:风险控制、仓位规模、入场点位、止损条件、目标价位、交易管理。

需要重点说明的是,「自主决策」不应等同于「懒惰」。

有些交易者会说:「兄弟,你看,没有哪两个交易策略是完全一样的,所以测试根本没用,反正每次情况都不同。」

但优秀的自主决策型交易者通常会掌握所交易市场的详细数据、制定交易策略手册、设置市场状态筛选条件、记录交易日志以优化操作表现,诸如此类。

他们在行使自主决策权时,至少会遵循一套大致的规则框架;随着经验积累,规则会逐渐灵活,自主决策在交易流程中的占比也会随之提升。

但这种灵活的决策权是靠积累获得的,而非凭空拥有。

无论如何,根据我的经验与观察,大多数正期望值(+EV)的自主决策型交易策略,都可归为以下三个明确类别(类别名称为我自行拟定):

  • 增量型(Incremental)

  • 凸性型(Convex)

  • 专业型(Specialist)

每个类别的核心区分维度有三个:

  • 风险回报比(R:R)

  • 成功概率(Probability)

  • 出现频率(Frequency)

(注:将风险回报比与成功概率结合,可大致估算交易的期望值,但此处暂不展开,仅通过三个维度简化理解。)

下面我们逐一解析这三类交易。

增量型交易

核心特征:低风险回报比、高成功概率、中等出现频率

这类交易是维持账户正常运转、保持市场敏感度的关键。

它们或许不够「吸睛」,也不适合在社交媒体上炫耀,但却是交易者的「基本盘」—— 只要具备一定的市场优势,这类交易的收益就能实现可观的复利增长。

典型案例包括:市场微观结构交易、订单流交易、日内均值回归交易、基于统计规律的交易(如日内时段效应、周末效应、新闻发布后效应)、低波动率时期的区间交易等。

这类交易面临的主要风险是「优势衰减」与「市场状态突变」。

但这两种风险可视为「交易的必要成本」:日内交易机会本就时有时无,而若在市场状态突变时站错方向,代价往往极高(可以参考 Gaddafi 政权倒台的案例,理解「趋势逆转时逆势操作的风险」)。

增量型交易是极具实际价值的类别:它通常能实现稳定盈利,且出现频率足够高 —— 既能平滑损益曲线,又能为交易者提供关于市场及潜在趋势的有效信息。

凸性型交易

核心特征:高风险回报比、中等成功概率、低出现频率

大多数基于高时间周期(如日线、周线)的交易 —— 尤其是围绕波动率上升或市场趋势突变展开的交易 —— 都属于这一类别。

顾名思义,这类交易的出现频率不高,但一旦出现,只要能捕捉到大幅波动中的部分收益,就能获得丰厚回报。

典型案例包括:高时间周期突破交易、高时间周期突破失败后的反转交易、高时间周期趋势延续交易、重大催化剂 / 新闻驱动型交易、资金与未平仓合约极值交易、波动率压缩后的突破交易等。

这类交易的主要风险包括:假突破、交易机会间隔时间过长、交易管理难度大。

同样,这些风险也是「交易的必要成本」。

通常情况下,参与这类交易时,交易者可能需要多次尝试同一策略,经历几次小额亏损后,才能等到策略生效(甚至可能始终无法生效)。此外,这类交易的波动率通常更高、管理难度更大,因此交易者也更容易在操作中出现失误 —— 但这正是其能提供高回报的原因所在。

在加密货币交易领域,凸性型交易往往是交易者长期盈亏的主要贡献者。合理控制仓位、捕捉大趋势、把握突破或趋势反转机会,是让资产曲线摆脱手续费侵蚀的关键。

可以说,凸性型交易的收益,能够覆盖增量型交易中产生的手续费损耗、频繁交易成本及波动风险。

通俗来讲,这类交易就是大家常说的「爆款交易」。

专业型交易

核心特征:高风险回报比、高成功概率、低出现频率

这是一类「千载难逢」的优质交易机会,例如近期永续合约市场的连环清算事件、稳定币脱钩事件、关键关税政策新闻(在政策影响力较大的时期)、重大催化剂驱动的交易、波动率大幅上升的行情等。

典型案例包括:捕捉低时间周期入场点并扩展为高时间周期波段交易、现货与衍生品价格大幅偏离时的套利、跨交易所大幅价差套利、以极低折扣价格成交的「冷门报价」、在订单稀薄的市场中提供流动性以获取收益等。

参与这类交易通常需要满足以下两个条件之一:

  • 市场出现异常波动或「断裂」(如价格暴跌、流动性枯竭)

  • 完美结合高时间周期交易逻辑与低时间周期执行策略,形成「滚雪球式」收益

第一个条件的难点在于机会极其罕见;且当机会来临时,大多数交易者往往忙于应对追加保证金通知、管理现有仓位,无暇顾及新机会,加之此时交易所系统稳定性通常较差,操作难度进一步增加。

第二个条件的难点在于,高时间周期的价格走势在低时间周期图表上往往呈现出高波动、高噪音的特征。这要求交易者精准把握入场点与止损条件,同时具备在高时间周期趋势扩展过程中,坚持低时间周期交易策略并妥善管理仓位的能力。

这类交易的主要风险包括:对交易者技能要求极高、机会出现频率极低、机会来临时交易者可能因「忙于求生」而错失、执行风险(如在订单稀薄市场中产生滑点、面临清算风险)等。

这类交易难度极大,但一旦抓住一次,就可能彻底改变交易者的职业生涯。

值得注意的是,这类交易的吸引力来源,恰恰也是其风险的根源。

因此,建议交易者预留一部分「危机资金池」—— 即不轻易动用的稳定币资金,专门用于捕捉这类罕见机会,这是非常明智的做法。

结语

建议大家翻看自己的交易日志或策略手册,尝试将过往交易按上述三类进行分类。如果目前还没有交易日志或策略手册,那么这个分类框架也能为你提供一个起步方向。

另一个有价值的启示(通过「排除法」得出)是:很多交易类别其实不值得投入时间。例如「无聊交易」—— 这类交易明显属于「低风险回报比、低成功概率、高出现频率」的范畴,是对时间和资金的无效消耗。

如果你是一名成长中的交易者,建议将大部分精力投入增量型交易:通过这类交易积累市场数据、搭建交易系统、优化操作策略,进而积累足够的资金与经验,再逐步尝试其他类型的交易。

你无需永远局限于某一类交易。

更有价值的做法是制定一份兼顾三类交易的策略手册,更重要的是,为每类交易的风险回报比、成功概率、出现频率、潜在风险及策略形态设定合理预期。

例如,采用凸性型交易策略,却用增量型交易的方式进行管理,这是错误的;同样,采用凸性型交易策略,却按增量型交易的标准设定仓位规模,也是错误的(这一点也是我作为交易者的最大弱点)。

因此,明确自己参与的交易类型,并做出相应调整,十分重要。

我并未对风险回报比、成功概率、出现频率设定具体数值标准,因为这些指标受市场环境影响极大,差异显著。例如,在火热的牛市中,可能每周都会出现凸性型交易机会;而在市场低迷时期,即便出现增量型交易机会,也足以让人感到庆幸。


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