为什么以太坊需要ZK-VM:扩容的终极路径

marsbitPublicado a 2025-10-17Actualizado a 2025-10-18

在以太坊扩容的众多思路中,ZK 是最复杂也最关键的方向

纵观全网,V 神和以太坊基金会对 ZK 的押注是最多的。ZK 有点像以太坊家里最小的儿子,倾注心血最多,但是未来也最不明朗。

前几天,以太坊基金会发布了 Kohaku 路线图,这是一套隐私钱包的基础组件规划。路线图再次强调,许多核心功能仍将依赖 ZK-EVM 或 ZK-VM 的落地。

那么,以太坊为何如此迫切地需要 ZK-VM?

答案很简单:为了性能提升,而不是以牺牲安全为代价。

提升性能的瓶颈:全员验证与 GAS 上限

此前我们提过,提高以太坊性能最立竿见影的手段就是提高 GAS 上限,也就是让区块变得更大。

但问题在于,但是,提高 GAS 上限是有代价的,过大的区块对于节点是沉重的负担。

目前,以太坊采用一种称为「全员全验」的验证模式,即所有节点都要完整验证每一个区块。这个机制虽然简单且安全,但冗余极高。

以太坊基金会

如果 GAS 上限显著提高,每个节点的计算量都会同步暴涨。

考虑到以太坊的区块间隔仅 12 秒,其中还需预留时间用于区块传播和 MEV 排序,验证者实际可用于验证的时间大约只有 4–8 秒,几乎没有余地去处理更大的负载。

ZK 化后的以太坊:从「全员全验」到「全员一验」

如果将以太坊 L1 全面 ZK 化,验证模式将从「全员全验」变为「全员一验」。在这种模式下,当一个区块被组装好后,会首先生成一个 ZK 证明。

ZK 的特点是生成证明慢,但验证极快。因此,节点只需验证一次证明是否正确,而无需重复执行区块内的所有交易。

以太坊基金会

这意味着,以太坊可以在不显著增加节点负担的前提下,大幅提高 GAS 上限。

一个形象的比喻是:过去你在钉钉上提交请假流程(发交易),需要每位领导(节点)逐一核实你还有没有假期余额(全员全验),全员批准后流程才通过。

而 ZK 化后,系统先验证你确实有假期,再统一向所有领导出具证明(ZK),此时领导只需信任并快速批准即可(全员一验)。

ZK 化之后,你还是申请请假流程(发交易),系统发现你有剩余假期,直接告诉各位领导「这个人有假」,且领导完全相信系统不会出错(ZK),然后领导批准就快多了(全员一验)。

这就是以太坊要进行 ZK 化的原因。

密码学的挑战与案例

当然,实现这一切的工程量极大,密码学难度也非常高,因此以太坊必须与专业团队合作。

以太坊基金会研究员 Justin 提到的 Brevis 协议 就是目前在该领域领先的案例之一。

以太坊基金会

Brevis 专注于 ZK-VM,其最新的 Pico Prism 技术 是当前在给定条件下生成 ZK 证明最快的方案之一。

根据测试数据,在当前以太坊 45M GAS 的区块规模下,Brevis 使用 64 张 RTX 5090 GPU,可在 12 秒内完成 99.6% 的区块证明,其中 96.8% 的区块能在 10 秒内完成证明生成。

以太坊基金会

为了保持去中心化,以太坊要求 ZK 证明设备的成本不得超过 10 万美元。

虽然更高端的 GPU(如 H200 或 B200)可以更快生成证明,但那会大幅提高准入门槛。Brevis 当前的设计正好卡在这一限制之内。

为什么「10 秒覆盖率」也至关重要?因为 MEV 区块通常在 1–3 秒内生成,加上 10 秒的证明时间刚好填满 12 秒区块间隔。

总结:以太坊 ZK 化的路径逻辑

以太坊想要加快 L1 性能提升,就必须提高 GAS 上限;

要想安全地提高 GAS 上限,就必须推进 ZK 化;

而要想优雅地实现 ZK 化(10 秒内生成证明、10 万美元以下硬件成本),则需要密码学界与加密生态的共同努力。

ZK 是以太坊扩容路线中最复杂但也最具确定性的方向。

它不仅关乎性能,更是以太坊在安全性与去中心化之间,寻求平衡的终极方案。

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