美联储褐皮书:近几周经济活动持平,劳动力需求低迷

marsbitPublicado a 2025-10-15Actualizado a 2025-10-16

周三发布的美联储褐皮书揭示了美国经济近期呈现的复杂图景:增长动能有所减弱,通胀压力持续存在,而劳动力市场出现疲软迹象。报告指出,自9月发布上一份褐皮书以来,美国整体经济活动基本处于停滞状态,不同地区间增长步伐出现分化,其中三个地区录得小幅至温和增长,五个地区经济 activity 持平,另有四个地区则遭遇轻微放缓。

​消费行为显现分层,制造业面临挑战​​。近期,衡量经济活力的消费支出整体出现小幅下滑,尤其是零售商品支出。值得注意的是,消费者行为呈现分化态势:国际旅客需求进一步下滑,但国内消费者需求基本保持平稳,高收入群体在奢侈旅行和住宿方面的支出依然强劲。与之形成对比的是,面对物价上涨和经济不确定性,中低收入家庭更积极地寻求折扣和促销活动。制造业活动因地区而异,但普遍面临提高的关税和整体需求疲软带来的挑战。同时,农业、能源和运输业的活动出现普遍下降。 ​

劳动力市场降温,薪资温和增长​​。本期褐皮书对劳动力市场的描述转为谨慎,指出各行业和地区的劳动力需求“普遍低迷”。一个显著变化是,更多雇主报告开始通过裁员或自然减员的方式来减少员工数量,其原因被归结为需求疲软、经济不确定性高企,以及在部分情况下对人工智能等技术投资的增加。尽管如此,所有地区的工资水平仍继续增长,幅度维持在温和至中等水平。此外,由于近期移民政策的变化,多个地区的酒店业、农业、建筑业和制造业面临劳动力供应紧张的困境。

​成本压力攀升,价格传导机制分化​​。报告期内,价格进一步上涨的压力持续存在。多个地区报告显示,由于进口成本以及保险、医疗保健和技术解决方案等服务成本的上升,企业投入成本正以更快的速度增长。许多地区都明确报告了关税导致的投入成本增加。然而,这些新增成本向最终消费者价格的传导程度却出现了明显分化。部分企业为了维持市场份额和应对价格敏感的客户,选择自行消化成本,保持销售价格基本不变;而制造业和零售贸易领域的一些企业则已将增加的进口成本完全转嫁给了客户。 ​

前景展望与政策含义​​。对于未来经济增长前景,各地区和行业的看法存在差异。尽管少数地区的市场情绪有所改善,部分企业联系人预期未来6至12个月需求会回升,但多数联系人仍预计持续的高不确定性将继续抑制经济活动。有一份地区报告特别指出,联邦政府的长期“停摆”可能给经济增长带来显著的下行风险。由于政府停摆导致包括CPI在内的一系列关键经济数据推迟发布,此次褐皮书提供的“轶事信息”为美联储官员评估经济状况提供了格外重要的实时窗口。当前,政策制定者正努力在“劳动力市场降温的风险”与“通胀仍高于2%目标”之间寻求平衡。这份印证了经济动能放缓与通胀压力并存的报告,强化了市场对美联储短期内将进一步采取宽松货币政策的预期。

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