以稳定币为媒介换汇,为何构成非法经营罪?

深潮Publicado a 2025-09-04Actualizado a 2025-09-05

虚拟货币的出现,客观上可以打破国内的外汇管制制度,也就有了违法套利的空间。

撰文:刘正要

最近一则有关使用虚拟货币换汇案引起很多人关注,大概情况是 7 月 16 日,上海浦东新区人民法院公布了一起今年 3 月宣判的虚拟货币非法换汇大案 —— 涉案金额高达 65 亿元!这起案件是当事人把泰达币(USDT)当「中介」,帮人把人民币换成外汇。

为何近两年司法机关开始频繁打击涉虚拟货币类非法换汇、买卖外汇案件?原因不复杂:中国实行的是外汇管制制度,普通公民每人每年只有 5 万美元的便利化额度。想要换多点?也不是不行,但是需要去银行得排队、填一大堆表格,还要解释用途。

虚拟货币的出现,确实在客观上可以打破国内的外汇管制制度,这也就有了违法套利的空间。作为司法机关自然也会关注、打击使用虚拟货币进行买卖外汇、非法换汇的行为。作为 web3 律师,笔者在中国内地的法律法规框架内聊聊涉虚拟货币类非法经营罪的构罪逻辑和辩护建议,以期对 web3 从业者和律师同仁有所裨益。

一、案情简介:浦东法院通报的换汇大案

根据央视网援引华夏时报的报道,2023 年底,上海陈女士需要给国外的女儿汇款,但是因我国有每人每年 5 万美元额度的外汇限制,于是就联系一家所谓的「换汇公司」。该公司让陈女士将人民币汇入 A 公司的账户后,没过多久身在海外的女儿就收到了等值的外汇。当然,换汇公司会收取一定比例的手续费作为报酬。

根据披露的案件信息,截至案发,杨某、徐某等人通过操控国内空壳公司,为不特定客户以稳定币(如泰达币 USDT)为媒介提供资金的跨境转账并获取非法利益,非法经营数额高达 65 亿元。具体模式为:前述境内公司收取客户人民币后,这个人民币并不会通过银行或地下钱庄的渠道出境,而是被杨某、徐某等人购买成了 USDT 等虚拟货币;在「换汇公司」收到境内客户资金的同时,其会通知位于境外的同伴将「库存」中的外币按照市场汇率结汇给境外的客户,这种模式常称为「对敲型换汇」。在对加密货币友好的地区(如允许当地进行虚拟货币和法币兑换业务的地区),此种借助虚拟货币进行人民币和当地外币进行对敲换汇模式已经十分成熟。

二、外汇类非法经营罪的入罪门槛

(一)法律规定

非法经营罪规定在我国刑法第 225 条,脱胎于「投机倒把罪」,稍微了解国内刑辩圈子的朋友对这个罪名肯定不会模式——非法经营罪被称作经济犯罪领域的「口袋罪」。其主要规制四种行为:第一是没有资质而非法经营「专营、专卖」物品或限制买卖物品;第二是买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明;第三是非法经营证券、期货、保险业务或非法从事资金支付结算业务;第四是「其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为」。

(二)司法解释的规定

以上四种行为,前三种都好理解,关键就在于第四种「其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为」。早期因为没有统一标准,各地司法实践的情况比较混乱,一些较为新颖的经营模式存在着被随意认定为非法经营犯罪的情况。2011 年最高法发布《关于准确理解和适用刑法中「国家规定」的有关问题的通知》(法发〔2011〕155 号),明确要求各级法院在审理非法经营犯罪案件时,要依法严格把握法条第(四)项(即前述的「其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为」)的适用范围:

第一,「违反国家规定」中的「国家规定」是指,全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定的法律和决定,国务院制定的行政法规、规定的行政措施、发布的决定和命令。

第二,对于「其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为」的适用,没有明确司法解释规定的,应当逐级向最高人民法院请示。

(三)具体入罪门槛

根据「两高」《关于办理非法从事资金支付结算业务、非法买卖外汇刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,对于「情节严重」的常见认定标准为(五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役):第一,非法经营数额在 500 万以上;第二,违法所得数额在 10 万元以上。

对于「情节特别严重」的认定标准(五年以上有期徒刑),常见的有两种:一是非法经营数额在 2500 万元以上;二是违法所得数额在 50 万元以上。

里面所谓的「非法经营数额」就是当事人非法买卖外汇、非法换汇、变现买卖外汇的资金数额;「违法所得数额」简单来说就是当事人的获利。

三、买卖 USDT 换汇,为何构成非法经营罪?

回到本文要讨论的主题,我们先跳出杨、徐等人的经营模式,实践中因为买卖 USDT 被判非法经营罪的情形之一就是利用 USDT 非法买卖外汇、非法换汇、变相买卖外汇。如前所述,其交易可以拆分成两大步骤:

  • 第一,客户把人民币给「国内空壳」,换成 USDT;

  • 第二,境外团伙把 USDT 换成美元,给客户海外账户。

虽然中间看似各自独立,但合起来就是把人民币变成美元。这种方式名叫「对敲」:境内是人民币入账,境外是美元出账,但中间根本没走正规渠道,也没报备审查。这就逃避了国家的外汇监管、反洗钱监控制度。这种操作实际上变相完成了外汇兑换,属于非法买卖外汇。符合前述的入罪门槛时就构成非法经营罪。

但是实务中还有一种情况就是内地的某主体只负责把 USDT 卖给客户,并收取客户的人民币。客户通过自己的渠道进行 USDT 和外币的兑换,境内的卖 U 主体并不知情,或者即使可能知情但并未参与,此时,我们认为境内的主体是不构成非法经营罪的,具体理由见下。

四、律师辩护建议

作为 web3 刑辩律师,笔者根据实际代理的币圈案件,简单总结一下刑辩律师对于涉虚拟货币非法经营案的辩护策略。

首先,在一个极度仰仗口供的司法实务环境中,辩护律师需要审查当事人的口供中针对自己的行为有无「经营性」或「盈利性」的相关供述、陈述。如果境内团队并不承认具有非法换汇、买卖外汇等目的,在无其他客观性证据证实的前提下,侦查机关通过向海外的换汇团体(即收取客户的 USDT 后将其兑换成外币)通过电话沟通获得的所谓「证据」是不得作为刑事证据使用的;

其次,对于客观性证据的审查需要了解专业知识。比如买卖 USDT 过程中涉及的区块链上的转账、中心化的虚拟货币交易所交易账户的 KYC 信息、虚拟货币交易的时间、流水、数量等是否相匹配。举一个简单的例子,某境外虚拟货币交易所配合内地侦查机关提供了某账户的注册信息(注册人的姓名、身份证号码、手机号、邮箱等信息),但是如何确保该交易所提供的信息的真实性和合法性呢?有无被冒用身份信息注册的情况?这就需要刑辩律师也要懂不同交易所对于 KYC 的具体要求,甚至是境外虚拟货币交易所所在国 / 地区对于 KYC 的相关规定;

最后,谨慎对待司法鉴定、审计评估报告等第三方机构出具体的材料。目前有些司法机关对于第三方机构出具的鉴定意见、审计报告等完全采取「拿来主义」态度,默认其可以直接作为刑事指控证据使用。作为辩护方,在当事人、家属同意的前提下,也可以通过委托「有专门知识的人」出庭对第三方出具的意见或报告进行反驳。

当然,如果辩护律师自己熟稔目前国内对于虚拟货币的监管政策、涉虚拟货币案件司法鉴定和评估中常见的 Bug 等,那么辩护律师自己也可以奋力一搏。以笔者的实务经验来看,涉虚拟货币类新型案件最容易在证据和鉴定等方面取得突破和辩护效果。

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