美联储决议大转变:9 月降息预期增强,市场反应热烈

链捕手Publicado a 2024-08-01Actualizado a 2024-08-01

 作者:赵雨荷、李丹、杜玉、房家瑶,华尔街见闻

 

美联储在7月的FOMC会议上继续按兵不动,决定将联邦基金利率目标区间维持在5.25%至5.5%之间,并继续减少证券持有量。美联储主席鲍威尔表示,对更加接近降息的感觉是合理的,FOMC可能会在9月讨论降息问题。

美联储决议和鲍威尔记者会均暗示9月可能降息,“新美联储传声筒”分析称,美联储声明删除了过去两年对通胀风险“高度关注”的措辞,这一转变意义重大表明通胀可能不再是降息的障碍,尤其是在劳动力市场继续降温的情况下。

标普、纳指涨幅创五个月最大,标普500指数盘中涨超2%、纳指一度涨超3%,均创2月份以来最佳单日表现。

美联储决议大转变

美东时间7月31日周三,美联储在货币政策委员会FOMC会后宣布,联邦基金利率的目标区间仍为5.25%到5.50%。联储的FOMC投票委员已连续第17次会议一致投票支持利率决策。

至此,在始于2022年3月的本轮紧缩周期内,美联储已连续八次会议未加息。去年7月加息以来,联储一直将政策利率保持在二十余年来高位不变。

如市场所料,美联储继续保持高利率不变,但同时释放了9月可能降息的信号:联储进一步确认在降通胀方面取得了进展,除了通胀,联储开始强调关注避免就业方面风险。

决议声明改称通胀“有所”高企、降通胀取得“一些”进一步进展、就业增长“有所放缓”、失业率仍处低位但“有所上升”。

决议声明不再说“仍高度关注通胀风险”,改称关注就业和通胀双重使命面临的风险。

决议声明继续重申,在对降通胀更有信心以前不适合降息、就业和通胀的风险继续更平衡。

“新美联储通讯社”称,美联储为9月降息扫清道路,两年来首次更平等对待就业和通胀目标这种重大转变意味着,通胀可能不再是降息的障碍。

决议公布后,Timiraos发文更是高呼9月降息将至,文章冠以“美联储为9月降息扫清道路”的标题。文章指出,虽然还是保持利率不变,但美联储官员此次做出了重要转变,强调更加平等地关注就业和通胀的双重目标,他们暗示正更加接近降息。

三菱日联金融集团的美国宏观策略主管George Goncalves评论称,美联储的决议声明显示,联储修改了足够多的元素,他们仔细考虑了如何表达开始转向宽松。

也有分析称,决议鸽派程度比预期略低,并未表达对降通胀有更大信心。

鲍威尔暗示9月降息

美联储主席鲍威尔表示,对更加接近降息的感觉是合理的,FOMC可能会在9月讨论降息问题。

他说,美联储将继续逐次会议做出决定,因为过早或过度减少政策限制可能会导致在通胀方面取得的进展逆转。同时,过晚或过少减少政策限制可能会过度削弱经济活动和就业。

鲍威尔表示,FOMC将仔细评估最新数据、不断演变的前景和风险平衡。

如果经济保持稳健,通胀持续,美联储可以在适当的时间内维持当前的联邦基金利率目标区间。如果劳动力市场意外疲软或通胀下降速度快于预期,美联储也已准备好作出回应。美联储的政策已经做好应对追求双重使命过程中面临的风险和不确定性的准备。

而在随后的问答环节,鲍威尔表示,市场对FOMC更加接近降息的感觉是合理的。他说,9月份FOMC货币政策会议上,降息可能是一个选项,FOMC最快将在9月份选择降息。他透露,FOMC的普遍观点是,目前正在接近适合降息的时间点,但还没有完全达到那个点。
鲍威尔记者会要点汇总如下:
  • 降息前景:市场对FOMC更加接近降息的感觉是合理的,最快将在9月份选择降息,必须权衡行动过早与等待太久的风险。因此,“今年降息零次到几次不等”都是可以想象的场景。
  • 通胀:当前通胀下降的情况好于2023年,且范围更加广泛。由于获得良好数据,我们关于通胀朝着目标2%继续回落的信心增长。
  • 就业:劳动力市场状况已恢复到疫情前的水平,强劲但不过热。劳动力市场面临的下行风险实际上偏低。尤其关注私人部门的就业需求。
  • 大选:绝对认为潜在的美联储9月降息与政治因素无关,美联储从来就没有利用(政策)工具来反对一个党派或大选结果,也不会根据美国大选的结果来决定FOMC政策。
  • 数字货币:FOMC根本就没有讨论(关于是否发行)美联储数字货币问题。在央行数字货币(CBDC)上进展并不显著,没打算就这个问题与国会讨论。

市场狂飙:标普纳指涨幅五个月最大,英伟达飙升近13%,油价跳涨4%

美联储决议和鲍威尔记者会均暗示9月可能降息,美股、美债、原油、黄金、日元走高,市场降息预期升温。
芝商所美联储观察工具显示,交易员预计年底前美联储会降息三次,今年内共计降息70个基点,此前预计降息空间为64个基点。市场降息呼声此起彼伏,“新债王”Gundlach和美国参议院民主党成员、“反垄断斗士”WarrenWarren都敦促现在就降息。

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降息预期最初下降,随后飙升

美股指整体持续上涨,于北京时间凌晨3点多鲍威尔发布会期间刷新日高,科技股居多的纳指尾盘最高涨近3.2%且领跑主要股指;标普500指数大盘最高涨逾2.1%;与经济周期密切相关的道指最高涨逾1.1%;罗素小盘股指最高涨逾2.5%。

芯片股大反弹,纳指盘中涨超3%,标普一度涨超2%,英伟达涨近13%,芯片股指涨7%,小盘股指累涨10%为年内最佳。

鲍威尔暗示最快9月降息,美债收益率重挫,两年期收益率跌9个基点,7月累跌超48个基点
尾盘时,对货币政策更敏感的两年期美债收益率跌8.87个基点,报4.2698%,北京时间02:00发布FOMC利率决议声明时涨至日高4.3894%,随后下行,美联储主席鲍威尔发出最快9月降息的暗示之后,在中东地缘政治关系紧张之际,于03:59(距离美股收盘仅剩一分钟)跌至日低4.2554%,7月份累跌48.36个基点。
美国10年期基准国债收益率跌10个基点,刷新日低至4.0392%,7月份累计下跌35.31个基点。

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