【研报精选】中金:加息临近终点,未来或是“滞胀”

投研第一线Publicado a 2023-05-04Actualizado a 2023-05-06

Resumen

相比于美联储的“淡定”,市场并不认可,投资者认为美联储低估了本轮银行业风波的潜在影响,进而计入了更多降息预期。中金公司认为:本轮经济最终结果更可能是“滞胀”格局。历史表明“滞胀”环境对股票、债券、本币汇率都不友好,金融资产估值也将承压。同时,类黄金资产将有望跑赢市场。

相比于美联储的“淡定”,市场并不认可,投资者认为美联储低估了本轮银行业风波的潜在影响,进而计入了更多降息预期。中金公司认为:本轮经济最终结果更可能是“滞胀”格局。历史表明“滞胀”环境对股票、债券、本币汇率都不友好,金融资产估值也将承压。同时,类黄金资产将有望跑赢市场。
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中金研究

美联储3月加息25个基点,符合我们的预期。货币政策声明暗示加息临近终点,近期发生的银行业风波让未来进一步加息的必要性下降。但由于通胀有韧性,降息也不会很快到来,联储对于利率在高位停留较久(high for longer)的指引犹在。总体上,美联储认为年初以来强于预期的经济数据与最近发生的银行风波大致“功过相抵”,既不需要再加息太多,也没必要很快降息,最好先观望一下。

相比于美联储的“淡定”,市场并不认可,投资者认为美联储低估了本轮银行业风波的潜在影响,进而计入了更多降息预期。我们认为,银行业风波是需求冲击,对经济增长和通胀都会产生抑制作用,但考虑到美国还面临许多供给约束,这会降低需求冲击对通胀的影响,最终结果更可能是“滞胀”格局。历史表明“滞胀”环境对股票、债券、本币汇率都不友好,金融资产估值也将承压。

1、会议释放了什么信号?

加息接近“终点线”,点阵图显示年内或还有一次加息。美联储在最新政策声明中修改了有关货币政策路径的表述[1],将“持续提高利率目标区间是适当的”改为“一些(some)额外的政策收紧可能(may)是适当的”,暗示加息已接近目标利率。鲍威尔在记者会上也再次强调了“一些”和“可能”的措辞,表明美联储希望对于未来加息路径、尤其是下次会议的利率决议保持较大灵活性[2]。从点阵图来看,联储官员对2023年底的联邦基金利率中值预测保持在5.1%不变,由于目前利率已加至4.75-5.0%,这或意味着未来还有最后25个基点的加息。

近期发生的银行业风波让未来进一步加息的必要性下降。鲍威尔在3月7日国会听证时曾称[3],利率终点可能要比去年底的预期更高,但本次会议却释放加息接近尾声的信号,中间的转折点在于近期一系列银行风险事件的发生。美联储认为银行业风波会导致银行自发“紧信用”,这可以替代一部分加息的工作,从而让美联储不需要再加息更多。

但降息也不会很快到来,利率在高位停留更久(high for longer)的指引犹在。最新公布的点阵图与去年12月没有太大变化[4],美联储官员对2023年底联邦基金利率中值预测保持在5.1%不变,对2024年底的利率预测甚至还上调至4.3%(前值4.1%),这说明美联储官员仍然没有在今年内降息的想法,对明年降息的幅度也比较克制。我们认为这主要因为经济与通胀仍有韧性。美联储在货币政策声明指出,近期数据显示“就业增长加快(picked up)”,而在描述通胀的进展时,删去了“通胀有所缓解(inflation has eased somewhat)”的表述,仅保留“通胀仍处于高位(remains elevated)”的措辞。这说明美联储认为“抗通胀”的任务还没有完成,通胀回到2%还有很长的路要走。

总体上,美联储认为年初以来强于预期的经济数据与最近发生的银行风波大致“功过相抵”,既不需要再加息太多,也没必要很快降息,最好先观望一下。考虑到银行业风波刚刚发酵,影响到底有多大尚不可知,美联储或倾向于谨慎行事,暂时不需要加快加息来抑制高通胀,也不需要降息来挽救经济于水火。但从鲍威尔的表态可以看出,美联储对于银行业风波的演变仍处于高度警惕的状态,鲍威尔也不断强调美联储正在对相关银行事件进行彻底审查,审查结果将对未来货币政策决议提供更多依据。

2、 未来或是“滞胀”格局

相比于美联储的“淡定”,市场并不认可,资产价格走势反映了市场对于未来更悲观的预期。虽然鲍威尔一再强调基准情形下2023年内不会降息,但目前利率期货市场却计入了美联储从年中开始降息的预期,根据该预期,联邦基金利率将在2024年中降至3%左右,这与美联储点阵图显示的4.3%相差甚远。此外,议息会议结束后美债收益率普遍下行,美元指数下跌,美股三大股指大幅下挫,说明市场或也不认为美联储的降息预期能够为风险资产起到托底作用。

为什么会有分歧?原因在于双方对本轮银行业风波的影响存在不同认知。市场认为银行业风波的影响可能是非线性的,稍有不慎就会导致美国经济大幅下滑,失业率大幅上升,进而“倒逼”美联储降息。但美联储却不这么认为,过去一周在美国财政部、联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)及美联储三方密切合作下,银行业风波暂时得到管控,再加上美国居民部门资产负债表健康,系统性重要金融机构依旧稳定,重蹈2008年次贷危机的可能性似乎比较低。

由此可见,问题的关键点在于本轮银行业风波的影响有多大?我们认为银行业风波本质上是需求冲击,对经济增长和通胀都会产生抑制作用。从传导机制来看,银行业风波会导致金融体系自发“紧信用”,银行放贷更加谨慎,企业和居民资金可得性下降,融资成本上升,进而导致投资与消费支出下滑,拖累经济增长。根据美联储的调查数据,在相关银行事件发生前,美国银行的整体信贷标准已呈现收紧趋势,信贷需求边际下降。往前看,未来银行为了规避风险会将缩减资产负债表,实体经济融资条件或进一步紧缩,这将加大美国经济下行压力,增加经济衰退概率。

但是对于通胀,我们也要考虑供给因素,当前美国还面临许多供给约束,这会降低需求冲击对通胀的影响,最终结果可能是“滞胀”格局。如美联储主席鲍威尔所说,当前美国劳动力市场还很紧,空缺职位数与失业人数的比例仍然较高;劳动参与率虽有回升,但仍低于疫情前水平,这意味着劳动力供给仍然不足,工资通胀仍有支撑。此外,美国房地产市场也存在供应短缺问题,一个证据是美国的住房空置率和租房空置率均处于历史低位,这与2008年次贷危机前空置率畸高完全不一样。这意味着美国房价和租金的弹性也可能较以前增加,进而使得整体通胀的韧性更强。历史表明“滞胀”环境对股票、债券、本币汇率都不友好,金融资产估值也将承压。

图表1:美联储3月利率点阵图

资料来源:美联储,中金公司研究部

图表2:美联储对经济指标的预测(2023年3月)

资料来源:美联储,中金公司研究部

图表3:市场与美联储对于降息的预期分歧严重

资料来源:Bloomberg,中金公司研究部

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