Why Does Hyperliquid Earn Less Than Coinbase?

marsbitPublished on 2025-12-18Last updated on 2025-12-18

Abstract

Hyperliquid, a decentralized exchange, processes near-Nasdaq-level perpetual trading volumes but captures significantly lower fees compared to centralized platforms like Coinbase and Robinhood. While Hyperliquid cleared $205.6 billion in notional volume over 30 days, it generated only $80.3 million in fees—an effective take rate of ~3.9 bps. In contrast, Coinbase and Robinhood achieve take rates of ~35.5 bps and ~33.5 bps, respectively, by operating as retail brokers that monetize multiple layers: distribution, balances, subscriptions, and order flow. This gap stems from a structural difference: Hyperliquid positions itself as a low-fee *market layer* (like Nasdaq), providing high-throughput execution and清算 infrastructure, while brokers like Coinbase control user relationships and extract value through higher-margin activities. Hyperliquid’s model includes permissionless distributor frontends (Builder Codes) and product deployment (HIP-3), which drive ecosystem growth but also create long-term fee compression risks by outsourcing high-value distribution. To defend its economics, Hyperliquid is taking steps to retain distribution control, integrate HIP-3 markets natively, and introduce balance-driven revenue streams like USDH (a native stablecoin with 50% reserve收益 sharing) and portfolio margin (10% interest fee on borrows). These moves aim to shift its model from pure exchange-level execution toward a hybrid approach that captures broker-like profit pools—without sacrificin...

Editor's Note: As Hyperliquid's trading volume approaches that of traditional exchanges, what truly warrants attention is no longer just "how large the volume is," but rather which layer of the market structure it chooses to occupy. This article uses the division of labor between "brokers vs. exchanges" in traditional finance as a reference to analyze why Hyperliquid actively adopts a low-fee market layer positioning, and how Builder Codes and HIP-3 amplify the ecosystem while simultaneously creating long-term pressure on the platform's take rate.

Hyperliquid's path reflects a core issue facing the entire crypto trading infrastructure: after scaling up, how should profits ultimately be distributed?

The original text follows:

Hyperliquid is processing perpetual contract trading volumes nearing Nasdaq levels, but its profit structure similarly exhibits "Nasdaq-level" characteristics.
Over the past 30 days, Hyperliquid cleared $205.6 billion in perpetual contract notional trading volume (approximately $617 billion annualized quarterly) but generated only $80.3 million in fee revenue, translating to a fee rate of approximately 3.9 basis points (bps).

This means Hyperliquid's monetization approach is closer to a wholesale execution venue rather than a retail-facing, high-fee trading platform.

For comparison, Coinbase recorded $295 billion in trading volume in Q3 2025 but realized $1.046 billion in trading revenue, implying a take rate of approximately 35.5 basis points.


Robinhood's monetization logic for its crypto business is similar: its $80 billion in crypto asset notional trading volume brought in $268 million in trading revenue, an implied fee rate of about 33.5 bps; meanwhile, Robinhood's stock notional volume in Q3 2025 was as high as $647 billion.

Overall, Hyperliquid has joined the ranks of top-tier trading infrastructure in terms of volume, but in terms of fee structure and business model, it resembles a low-take-rate execution layer for professional traders rather than a retail-oriented platform.

The gap is evident not only in the fee level but also in the breadth of monetization dimensions. Retail platforms often profit simultaneously across multiple revenue "interfaces." In Q3 2025, Robinhood achieved a total of $730 million in transaction-related revenue, plus $456 million in net interest income, and $88 million in other revenue (primarily from Gold subscription services).

In contrast, Hyperliquid currently relies much more heavily on trading fees, and these fees are structurally compressed into the single-digit basis point range at the protocol level. This means Hyperliquid's revenue model is more concentrated, more singular, and closer to the low-fee, high-turnover infrastructure role, rather than a retail platform that monetizes deeply through multiple product lines.

This can be explained by a fundamental positioning difference: Coinbase and Robinhood are brokerage/distribution businesses, monetizing through multiple layers leveraging their balance sheets and subscription systems; whereas Hyperliquid is closer to the exchange layer. In traditional financial market structures, the profit pool is naturally split between these two layers.

Broker-Dealer vs. Exchange Model

In traditional finance (TradFi), the core divide is the separation between the distribution layer and the market layer.
Retail platforms like Robinhood and Coinbase reside in the distribution layer, capturing high-margin monetization surfaces; whereas exchanges like Nasdaq reside in the market layer, whose pricing power is structurally constrained, and execution services are pushed by competition towards an almost commoditized economic model.

Broker/Dealer = Distribution Power + Customer Balance Sheet

Brokers control the customer relationship. Most users do not connect directly to Nasdaq but access the market through a broker. Brokers handle account opening, custody, margin and risk management, customer support, tax documents, etc., and then route orders to specific trading venues.
It is this "relationship ownership" that allows brokers to monetize in multiple ways beyond just trading:

Funds and Asset Balances: Cash sweep spreads, margin lending, securities lending

Product Bundling: Subscription services, feature packages, debit cards / advisory products

Routing Economics: Brokers control order flow and can embed payment or revenue-sharing mechanisms in the routing chain

This is why brokers often earn more than trading venues: the profit pool is truly concentrated at the "distribution + balances" location.

Exchange = Matching + Rules + Infrastructure, Take Rate Limited

Exchanges operate the trading venue itself: the matching engine, market rules, deterministic execution, and infrastructure connectivity. Their main monetization methods include:

Trading fees (continuously pressured lower in highly liquid products)

Rebates / Liquidity incentives (often returning most of the nominal fee to market makers to compete for liquidity)

Market data, network connectivity, and co-location services

Listing fees and index licensing

Robinhood's order routing mechanism clearly illustrates this structure: the user relationship is held by the broker (Robinhood Securities), and orders are then routed to third-party market centers, with economic benefits distributed along the routing chain.


The truly high-margin layer is at the distribution end, which controls customer acquisition, user relationships, and all monetization surfaces around execution (like payment for order flow, margin, securities lending, and subscription services).

Nasdaq itself resides in the thin-margin layer. The product it provides is essentially a highly commoditized execution capability and queue access, and its pricing power is strictly limited by mechanism.

The reasons are: To compete for liquidity, trading venues often need to return a large portion of the nominal fee in the form of maker rebates; regulatory caps on access fees limit the chargeable fee space;同时, order routing is highly elastic, capital and orders can quickly switch between different trading venues, making it difficult for any single venue to raise prices.

This is reflected very直观ly in Nasdaq's disclosed financial data: the net revenue it actually captures in cash equity trading is typically on the order of a few mils per share. This is a direct写照 of the structurally compressed profit space at the market layer exchange.

The strategic consequences of this low profitability are also clearly reflected in the changes in Nasdaq's revenue structure.

In 2024, Nasdaq's Market Services revenue was $1.020 billion, accounting for 22% of total revenue of $4.649 billion; this proportion was as high as 39.4% in 2014 and was still 35% in 2019.

This持续下滑 trend is高度一致 with Nasdaq's主动 shift from execution-based业务 highly dependent on market volatility and limited profits towards more recurring, predictable software and data businesses. In other words, it is the structurally low profit space at the exchange level that has pushed Nasdaq to gradually migrate its growth focus from "matching and execution" to "technology, data, and servitized products."

Hyperliquid as the "Market Layer"

Hyperliquid's effective take rate of approximately 4 basis points (bps) is高度一致 with its有意选择的 market layer positioning. It is building an on-chain "Nasdaq-style" trading infrastructure:

A high-throughput matching, margin, and clearing system centered on HyperCore, employing maker/taker pricing and market maker rebate mechanisms, aiming to maximize execution quality and shared liquidity, rather than multi-layer monetization面向 retail users.

In other words, Hyperliquid's design focus is not on subscriptions, balances, or distribution-based revenue, but on providing commoditized yet extremely efficient execution and settlement capabilities—this is a typical characteristic of the market layer and the inevitable result of its low-fee structure.

This is reflected in two types of structural splits that most crypto trading platforms have not yet truly implemented but are very typical in traditional finance (TradFi):

First, permissionless broker/distribution layer (Builder Codes).

Builder Codes allow third-party trading frontends to be built on top of the core trading venue and to charge their own economic fees. Among these, Builder fees have clear caps: up to 0.1% (10 bps) for perpetuals and up to 1% for spot, and fees can be set at the individual order level.
This mechanism thus creates a competitive market at the distribution layer, rather than having a single official application monopolize the user entry point and monetization rights.

Second, permissionless listing/product layer (HIP-3).

In traditional finance, exchanges typically control listing approvals and product creation. HIP-3 externalizes this function: developers can deploy perpetual contracts that inherit HyperCore's matching engine and API capabilities, while the definition and operation of specific markets are the responsibility of the deployer.

In terms of economic structure, HIP-3 clarifies the revenue-sharing relationship between the trading venue and the product layer: deployers of spot and HIP-3 perpetual contracts can retain up to 50% of the trading fees generated by the assets they deploy.

Builder Codes have already shown effectiveness on the distribution end: as of mid-December, approximately one-third of users trade not through the native interface but through third-party frontends.

The problem is that this structure, which favors distribution expansion, itself creates持续 pressure on the trading venue layer's take rate:

1. Pricing is compressed.
Multiple frontends simultaneously selling access to the same underlying liquidity will naturally compete towards the lowest total trading cost; and Builder fees can be flexibly adjusted at the order level, further pushing prices downward.

2. Loss of monetization surfaces.
The frontend controls account opening, product bundling, subscription services, and the complete trading workflow, thereby capturing the high-margin space of the broker layer; while Hyperliquid can only retain the thinner exchange layer take rate.

3. Strategic routing risk.
Once frontends evolve into true cross-venue routers, Hyperliquid could be forced into wholesale execution competition, having to defend order flow through fee reductions or increased rebates.

Overall, Hyperliquid is consciously choosing a low-profit-margin market layer positioning (via HIP-3 and Builder Codes), while allowing a high-profit-margin broker layer to grow on top of it.


If Builder frontends continue to expand, they will increasingly determine user-facing pricing structures, control user retention and monetization interfaces, and gain bargaining power at the routing level, structurally creating long-term pressure on Hyperliquid's take rate.

Defending Distribution Rights and Introducing Non-Exchange Profit Pools

The most direct risk is commoditization.

If third-party frontends can consistently undercut the native interface on price long-term, or even ultimately achieve cross-venue routing, Hyperliquid would be pushed towards a wholesale execution economic model.

Recent design adjustments show that Hyperliquid is trying to avoid this outcome while exploring new revenue sources.

Distribution Defense: Maintaining the Native Frontend's Economic Competitiveness

A previously proposed staking discount scheme, which allowed Builders to receive up to a 40% fee discount by staking HYPE, effectively provided third-party frontends with a path to be structurally cheaper than Hyperliquid's native interface. The withdrawal of this proposal equates to canceling direct subsidies for external distribution "price undercutting."

At the same time, HIP-3 markets were initially positioned to be distributed primarily through Builders and not displayed on the main frontend;但现在, these markets have begun to be displayed on Hyperliquid's native frontend, subject to strict listing standards.

This signal is very clear: Hyperliquid remains permissionless at the Builder layer but will not do so at the cost of sacrificing its core distribution rights.

USDH: Shifting from Trading Monetization to "Float" Monetization

The launch of USDH aims to recapture stablecoin reserve earnings that would otherwise be captured outside the ecosystem. Its公开 structure is a 50/50 split of reserve收益: 50% to Hyperliquid, 50% for USDH ecosystem growth.


Simultaneously, the trading fee discounts offered for USDH-related markets further reinforce this orientation: Hyperliquid is willing to concede on per-transaction economics in exchange for a larger, stickier profit pool tied to balances.


In effect, this introduces an annuity-like revenue stream for the protocol, whose growth depends on the monetary base size, not just nominal trading volume.

Portfolio Margin: Introducing Prime Broker-like Financing Economics

Portfolio margin unifies the margin for spot and perpetual contracts, allowing different exposures to offset each other, and introduces a native borrowing loop.


Hyperliquid will retain 10% of the interest paid by borrowers, making the protocol's economics increasingly dependent on leverage utilization and interest rate levels, not just trading volume. This is closer to a broker/prime revenue model than pure exchange logic.

Hyperliquid's Path Towards a "Brokerage-Style" Economic Model

In terms of throughput, Hyperliquid has already reached first-tier trading venue scale; but in terms of monetization, it still resembles the market layer: extremely high nominal trading volume paired with a single-digit basis point effective take rate. The gap with Coinbase and Robinhood is structural.

Retail platforms reside at the broker layer, controlling user relationships and fund balances, able to monetize multiple profit pools (financing, idle cash, subscriptions); whereas pure trading venues sell execution services, and under liquidity and routing competition, execution naturally tends towards commoditization, with net capture being持续 compressed. Nasdaq is the TradFi reference for this constraint.

Hyperliquid initially leaned明显 towards the trading venue prototype. By splitting the distribution layer (Builder Codes) and the product creation layer (HIP-3), it accelerated ecosystem expansion and market coverage; the cost is that this architecture could also push economics outward: once third-party frontends determine composite prices and can route cross-venue, Hyperliquid risks being squeezed into a thin-margin wholesale execution轨道.

However, recent actions show a conscious pivot: defending distribution rights and expanding revenue sources to "balance-based" profit pools, without abandoning the advantages of unified execution and clearing.

Specifically: the protocol is no longer willing to subsidize external frontends to be structurally cheaper than the native UI; HIP-3 is being displayed more natively; and balance sheet-style revenue sources are being introduced.


USDH pulls reserve earnings back into the ecosystem (50/50 split, with fee discounts for USDH markets); portfolio margin introduces financing economics through a 10% take on borrower interest.

Overall, Hyperliquid is converging towards a hybrid model: an execution rail as the foundation, overlaid with distribution defense and balance-driven profit pools. This reduces the risk of being trapped in a low-bps, wholesale-type trading venue, while moving closer to a brokerage-style revenue structure without sacrificing the advantages of unified execution and clearing.

Looking ahead to 2026, the unresolved question is: Can Hyperliquid move further towards a brokerage-style economy without破坏 its "outsourcing-friendly" model. USDH is the clearest test case: at the current supply level of approximately $100 million, expansion through外包发行 appears relatively slow when the protocol doesn't control distribution.


An obvious alternative path could have been UI-level defaults—for example, automatically converting the roughly $4 billion USDC存量 into the native stablecoin (similar to Binance's auto-conversion for BUSD).


If Hyperliquid wants to truly capture broker-layer profit pools, it might also need brokerage-style behavior: stronger control, tighter native product integration, and clearer boundaries with ecosystem teams regarding distribution and balance competition.

Related Questions

QWhy does Hyperliquid generate less revenue than Coinbase despite having a similar trading volume?

AHyperliquid operates as a low-fee, wholesale execution venue (market layer) with an effective take rate of around 3.9 bps, while Coinbase functions as a retail-focused broker-dealer (distribution layer) with a higher take rate of 35.5 bps, leveraging multiple revenue streams like subscriptions, interest, and order flow payments.

QWhat is the key structural difference between Hyperliquid's and Coinbase's business models?

AHyperliquid is positioned as an exchange-like infrastructure layer focused on high-efficiency execution with compressed fees, whereas Coinbase is a broker-dealer that controls user relationships, balances, and multiple high-margin revenue interfaces such as custody, lending, and subscription services.

QHow do Builder Codes and HIP-3 contribute to Hyperliquid's ecosystem but also pressure its fee structure?

ABuilder Codes enable third-party frontends to compete on分销, driving down overall trading costs, while HIP-3 allows external product deployment with up to 50% fee sharing. Both expand ecosystem but structurally compress Hyperliquid's take rate by fostering competition and outsourcing high-margin分销 activities.

QWhat strategies is Hyperliquid adopting to defend its economic model and capture more value?

AHyperliquid is defending its分销 by retracting subsidies for third-party frontends, natively showcasing HIP-3 markets, and introducing balance-driven revenue pools like USDH (50%收益分成) and portfolio margin (10% interest抽成) to shift toward broker-dealer economics without sacrificing execution efficiency.

QHow does Nasdaq's financial evolution reflect the challenges Hyperliquid might face as a market-layer platform?

ANasdaq's declining reliance on market services revenue (from 39.4% in 2014 to 22% in 2024) due to structurally compressed exchange-layer fees mirrors Hyperliquid's challenge: high volume with low take rates. Both are pushed to diversify into higher-margin, non-transactional revenue streams like data, tech services, or balance-based products.

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This adaptability is paramount for sustaining relevance in the ever-changing crypto landscape. Community Engagement: The project emphasises community-driven initiatives, employing mechanisms that incentivise collaboration and feedback. By nurturing a strong community, SPERO,$$s$ can better address user needs and adapt to market trends. Focus on Inclusion: By offering low transaction fees and user-friendly interfaces, SPERO,$$s$ aims to attract a diverse user base, including individuals who may not previously have engaged in the crypto space. This commitment to inclusion aligns with its overarching mission of empowerment through accessibility. Timeline of SPERO,$$s$ Understanding a project's history provides crucial insights into its development trajectory and milestones. Below is a suggested timeline mapping significant events in the evolution of SPERO,$$s$: Conceptualisation and Ideation Phase: The initial ideas forming the basis of SPERO,$$s$ were conceived, aligning closely with the principles of decentralisation and community focus within the blockchain industry. Launch of Project Whitepaper: Following the conceptual phase, a comprehensive whitepaper detailing the vision, goals, and technological infrastructure of SPERO,$$s$ was released to garner community interest and feedback. Community Building and Early Engagements: Active outreach efforts were made to build a community of early adopters and potential investors, facilitating discussions around the project’s goals and garnering support. Token Generation Event: SPERO,$$s$ conducted a token generation event (TGE) to distribute its native tokens to early supporters and establish initial liquidity within the ecosystem. Launch of Initial dApp: The first decentralised application (dApp) associated with SPERO,$$s$ went live, allowing users to engage with the platform's core functionalities. Ongoing Development and Partnerships: Continuous updates and enhancements to the project's offerings, including strategic partnerships with other players in the blockchain space, have shaped SPERO,$$s$ into a competitive and evolving player in the crypto market. Conclusion SPERO,$$s$ stands as a testament to the potential of web3 and cryptocurrency to revolutionise financial systems and empower individuals. With a commitment to decentralised governance, community engagement, and innovatively designed functionalities, it paves the way toward a more inclusive financial landscape. As with any investment in the rapidly evolving crypto space, potential investors and users are encouraged to research thoroughly and engage thoughtfully with the ongoing developments within SPERO,$$s$. The project showcases the innovative spirit of the crypto industry, inviting further exploration into its myriad possibilities. While the journey of SPERO,$$s$ is still unfolding, its foundational principles may indeed influence the future of how we interact with technology, finance, and each other in interconnected digital ecosystems.

54 Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is $S$

What is AGENT S

Agent S: The Future of Autonomous Interaction in Web3 Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of Web3 and cryptocurrency, innovations are constantly redefining how individuals interact with digital platforms. One such pioneering project, Agent S, promises to revolutionise human-computer interaction through its open agentic framework. By paving the way for autonomous interactions, Agent S aims to simplify complex tasks, offering transformative applications in artificial intelligence (AI). This detailed exploration will delve into the project's intricacies, its unique features, and the implications for the cryptocurrency domain. What is Agent S? Agent S stands as a groundbreaking open agentic framework, specifically designed to tackle three fundamental challenges in the automation of computer tasks: Acquiring Domain-Specific Knowledge: The framework intelligently learns from various external knowledge sources and internal experiences. This dual approach empowers it to build a rich repository of domain-specific knowledge, enhancing its performance in task execution. Planning Over Long Task Horizons: Agent S employs experience-augmented hierarchical planning, a strategic approach that facilitates efficient breakdown and execution of intricate tasks. This feature significantly enhances its ability to manage multiple subtasks efficiently and effectively. Handling Dynamic, Non-Uniform Interfaces: The project introduces the Agent-Computer Interface (ACI), an innovative solution that enhances the interaction between agents and users. Utilizing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), Agent S can navigate and manipulate diverse graphical user interfaces seamlessly. Through these pioneering features, Agent S provides a robust framework that addresses the complexities involved in automating human interaction with machines, setting the stage for myriad applications in AI and beyond. Who is the Creator of Agent S? While the concept of Agent S is fundamentally innovative, specific information about its creator remains elusive. The creator is currently unknown, which highlights either the nascent stage of the project or the strategic choice to keep founding members under wraps. Regardless of anonymity, the focus remains on the framework's capabilities and potential. Who are the Investors of Agent S? As Agent S is relatively new in the cryptographic ecosystem, detailed information regarding its investors and financial backers is not explicitly documented. The lack of publicly available insights into the investment foundations or organisations supporting the project raises questions about its funding structure and development roadmap. Understanding the backing is crucial for gauging the project's sustainability and potential market impact. How Does Agent S Work? At the core of Agent S lies cutting-edge technology that enables it to function effectively in diverse settings. Its operational model is built around several key features: Human-like Computer Interaction: The framework offers advanced AI planning, striving to make interactions with computers more intuitive. By mimicking human behaviour in tasks execution, it promises to elevate user experiences. Narrative Memory: Employed to leverage high-level experiences, Agent S utilises narrative memory to keep track of task histories, thereby enhancing its decision-making processes. Episodic Memory: This feature provides users with step-by-step guidance, allowing the framework to offer contextual support as tasks unfold. Support for OpenACI: With the ability to run locally, Agent S allows users to maintain control over their interactions and workflows, aligning with the decentralised ethos of Web3. Easy Integration with External APIs: Its versatility and compatibility with various AI platforms ensure that Agent S can fit seamlessly into existing technological ecosystems, making it an appealing choice for developers and organisations. These functionalities collectively contribute to Agent S's unique position within the crypto space, as it automates complex, multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention. As the project evolves, its potential applications in Web3 could redefine how digital interactions unfold. Timeline of Agent S The development and milestones of Agent S can be encapsulated in a timeline that highlights its significant events: September 27, 2024: The concept of Agent S was launched in a comprehensive research paper titled “An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human,” showcasing the groundwork for the project. October 10, 2024: The research paper was made publicly available on arXiv, offering an in-depth exploration of the framework and its performance evaluation based on the OSWorld benchmark. October 12, 2024: A video presentation was released, providing a visual insight into the capabilities and features of Agent S, further engaging potential users and investors. These markers in the timeline not only illustrate the progress of Agent S but also indicate its commitment to transparency and community engagement. Key Points About Agent S As the Agent S framework continues to evolve, several key attributes stand out, underscoring its innovative nature and potential: Innovative Framework: Designed to provide an intuitive use of computers akin to human interaction, Agent S brings a novel approach to task automation. Autonomous Interaction: The ability to interact autonomously with computers through GUI signifies a leap towards more intelligent and efficient computing solutions. Complex Task Automation: With its robust methodology, it can automate complex, multi-step tasks, making processes faster and less error-prone. Continuous Improvement: The learning mechanisms enable Agent S to improve from past experiences, continually enhancing its performance and efficacy. Versatility: Its adaptability across different operating environments like OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena ensures that it can serve a broad range of applications. As Agent S positions itself in the Web3 and crypto landscape, its potential to enhance interaction capabilities and automate processes signifies a significant advancement in AI technologies. Through its innovative framework, Agent S exemplifies the future of digital interactions, promising a more seamless and efficient experience for users across various industries. Conclusion Agent S represents a bold leap forward in the marriage of AI and Web3, with the capacity to redefine how we interact with technology. While still in its early stages, the possibilities for its application are vast and compelling. Through its comprehensive framework addressing critical challenges, Agent S aims to bring autonomous interactions to the forefront of the digital experience. As we move deeper into the realms of cryptocurrency and decentralisation, projects like Agent S will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology and human-computer collaboration.

551 Total ViewsPublished 2025.01.14Updated 2025.01.14

What is AGENT S

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