Grayscale：回顾比特币史上的10次大暴跌

金色财经Published on 2022-12-10Last updated on 2022-12-10

Abstract

让我们来简单回顾那些比特币的灾难性时刻。

概述

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在这场不可否认的加密动荡（有些人可能会称之为世界末日）接近尾声之际，让我们来回顾这个新兴行业在其13年的历史中经历过的各种挑战。一次又一次，诸如此类的事件导致末日预言者们对加密货币可行性的质疑，他们给加密货币判了死刑。当然，这些事件我们之前都见过。加密货币展现了令人难以置信的韧性，在一轮轮最恶劣的环境中存活下来。

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让我们来简单回顾那些比特币的灾难性时刻。下图显示了一些比特币史上最大幅的下跌，其中有些对十年来表现最好的资产的长期回报几乎没有什么影响。

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史上重大的比特币下跌

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Source: Grayscale Research, Coin Metrics

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2011年6月 | 比特币短短几日内暴跌99%

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比特币在Mt. Gox（当时世界上最大的加密货币交易所）上暴跌99%，从最高的32美元跌至0.01美元，此前几天，该交易所的一个管理账户遭受黑客攻击。2011年，比特币主要用于丝路交易、维基解密捐款和投机活动。如今的比特币交易者大多都遭受了那次暴跌的伤害，比特币的未来让人不安。

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2012年8月 | 庞氏骗局导致70万枚比特币（450万美元）被盗

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在Trendon Shavers运营的Bitcoin Savings and Trust（比特币储蓄信托）停止提款后，比特币下跌了41%。Shavers为投资者提供7%的比特币周回报率，充分利用了人们对这一新兴资产类缺乏了解这一点。比特币储蓄信托筹集了76万枚比特币，时值450万美元（约占总流通供应量的7.3%）。

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2013年4月 | 对政府的不信任驱使人们涌向比特币，导致Mt. Gox服务中断

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在塞浦路斯小岛，人们蜂拥购买比特币，以应对直接动用公民银行账户资金的政府救助。尽管比特币问世还不到四年，但其作为一种自主价值储存手段的价值已经得到了证实。爆炸式的交易量导致Mt. Gox遭遇服务器故障，动摇了用户的信任，导致比特币下跌近60%。

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2013年12月 | 中国封禁比特币

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中国政府发布禁令，禁止金融机构使用比特币作为支付方式，随后24小时内，比特币骤跌80%。银行、支付服务提供商和其他金融机构都包含在禁令范围内。当时，中国有众多加密爱好者，百度和阿里巴巴等大公司都在探索迎接数字货币相关服务。

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2014年2月 | Mt. Gox遭黑客攻击

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Mt. Gox申请破产后，比特币下跌58%，此前该交易所因一次重大黑客攻击损失了85万枚比特币（时值约4.5亿美元）。黑客攻击的具体细节尚不清楚，但据信是由一群黑客利用该平台代码的安全漏洞而实施的攻击。这一事件是比特币历史上最严重的黑客攻击之一。由于Mt. Gox在其全盛时期处理了全世界70%至80%的比特币交易，此次黑客攻击给投资者对比特币和更广泛的加密货币市场的信心带来了沉重一击。

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2015年6月 | The DAO黑客攻击

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The DAO（去中心化自治组织）被黑客攻击，黑客窃取了360万枚ETH，比特币下跌31%，引发了广泛的市场抛售。黑客攻击还在以太坊社区中造成了理念上的分歧，即是否应该撤消攻击，撤销攻击是违反协议规则的。一小部分反对撤销攻击的人决定继续使用被攻击的区块链版本，以坚持不可篡改性原则，成为了今天的以太坊经典。

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2016年8月 | Bitfinex黑客攻击

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Bitfinex对外宣布其安全漏洞导致超11.5万枚比特币失窃，时值约6600万美元。随后，比特币在四天内下跌了30%。8年过去了，那次黑客袭击的受害者仍没寻回损失。

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2017年12月 | 打击首次代币发行（ICO）

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比特币在当时达到1.96万美元的高点后，一年内下跌了84%，因为投资者不再相信那些通过ICO筹资的团队所做出的承诺。这种不受监管的流行筹资方式导致许多投资者卷入骗局，损失投资。价格、数量和链上活动一直低迷，直到2020年底，在新冠疫情期间链上活动开始回温。

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2022年5月 | UST、Celsius及3AC事件

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随着UST与美元脱钩最终跌至零，比特币下跌48%。这种情况蔓延开来，致使3AC（三箭资本）、Voyager、BlockFi和Celsius等公司申请破产。这些公司和平台的客户、用户和投资者由于这些“受信任的”交易对手的风险管理和透明度不佳而损失了大量资金。

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2022年12月 | FTX和Alameda Research事件

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随着国际第三大加密货币交易所申请破产，比特币五天内下跌超过25%。FTX和Alameda Research的失败可能是比特币史上最大的价值损失之一，导致数十亿美元的客户资金损失。可能还有大部分影响目前还没有显现，但围绕FTX的破产和不确定性已经导致一些投资者对其他加密机构的信任有所动摇。

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加密货币的潜力

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虽然加密行业面临着如上所述的诸多重大挫折和挑战，但必须强调的是，这些并不是底层加密货币技术的失败，而是人类和商业企业对这项技术的协调和实施的失败，不该归咎于不可篡改的代码。例如，发生银行抢劫是否意味着美元从根本上是有缺陷的？不。相反，它揭示了银行在客户资产保护方面糟糕的安全措施。

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新技术的大规模采用不可避免会历经成长阵痛。1983年，有10%的成年人拥有家用电脑，其中只有不到1.5%的人使用互联网。由于人们缺乏对互联网这项新技术的深入了解，互联网被那些心怀恶意的人大加利用。同样，加密世界是我们所生活的数字世界的迭代，为人们提供不受中央集权限制的数字资产和服务。

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回想2013年的塞浦路斯，我们记起了加密货币的核心目标和潜力。毕竟，当塞浦路斯政府从公民那里窃取存款时，人们争先恐后地将自己的钱兑换成比特币，将比特币视为中央政府权威的避风港。从那时起，我们的行业持续增长和发展，现在仍然是全球经济中的重要力量。尽管市场低迷，但用户参与度和交易量仍然强劲，我们相信比特币将继续保持其强劲势头。虽然如今加密货币经常与波动的价格和耸人听闻的头条新闻联系在一起，但其底层技术具有改变金融、技术、游戏、房地产、娱乐和治理等领域的潜力。就像任何转型之旅一样，这次转变也将不可避免地出现动荡，但比特币和去中心化网络是有弹性的，即使是在最恶劣的环境下也能存活。

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