从制裁到法律审判:Tornado Cash 的隐私与责任之辩

深潮Published on 2025-09-22Last updated on 2025-09-23

Tornado Cash 案早已超越了个别开发者的命运,它正在为整个去中心化金融行业划定边界。

撰文:黄文景

Tornado Cash:隐私捍卫者还是洗钱工具?

Tornado Cash,这个在以太坊区块链上运行的去中心化混币协议,曾因其强大的隐私保护功能而被广泛使用,而这也让它成为了监管机构的眼中钉。

2022 年 8 月,美国财政部海外资产控制办公室(OFAC)一纸制裁令将 Tornado Cash 列入制裁名单(SDN List),指控其被用于洗钱,特别是被朝鲜黑客组织 Lazarus 集团利用与超过 10 亿美元的非法资金处理。此举标志着美国首次对一个链上项目实施制裁,震动了整个加密行业。

然而,到了 2025 年 3 月 21 日,事情迎来了转机,美国财政部突然撤回了制裁令,取消了 Tornado Cash 及其所有关联地址的黑名单标签。这一决定并不完全意外——早在 2024 年 11 月,美国第五巡回上诉法院就给财政部泼了一盆冷水,认定 Tornado Cash 的核心智能合约不符合「财产」定义,制裁行为存在越权。

但制裁的解除并不代表开发者们就此脱身。Alexey Pertsev 早在 2024 年 5 月就被荷兰法庭以洗钱罪判处 5 年 4 个月有期徒刑;而远在美国的 Roman Storm 仍然深陷法律泥潭。

这场官司引爆了一个争论:开源代码的作者该不该为工具的滥用埋单?Solana 政策研究所为 Storm 和 Pertsev 的法律辩护提供了 50 万美元的资助,强调「编写代码不是犯罪」,以太坊创始人 Vitalik Buterin 等人也为其辩护筹集了资金,显示出加密社区对这一案件的高度关注。

Roman Storm:被控洗钱,陪审团未达成一致

2023 年 8 月,Roman Storm 被美国检方指控涉及八项罪名,包括「洗钱」、「违反制裁」和「经营未注册的货币传输业务」等。2025 年 7 月 14 日,Storm 的审判在纽约曼哈顿开始。虽然陪审团未能就「洗钱」和「违反制裁」两项指控达成一致意见,导致这两项指控被撤销或待定;但 Storm 仍被裁定为「共谋经营未注册的货币传输业务」,面临最高五年的刑期。

这一判决引发了广泛的讨论。有人认为,Storm 作为技术开发者,应该享有言论自由的权利,不应为他所创立的去中心化工具的滥用承担责任。另一方面,也有声音认为,尽管 Storm 无法控制协议的每个使用细节,但如果他知道该工具被广泛用于非法活动且不加以管控,那么他应当对其滥用负有责任。

技术无罪:法律与道德的边界

「技术无罪」这个口号在开源社区和去中心化信徒中颇有市场,背后的逻辑很简单:工具本身是中立的,罪在用它的人。

许多国家,尤其是美国,通常将技术开发者视为创作者,享有言论自由权,这意味着他们编写的代码不应自动承担滥用行为的责任。例如,根据美国《通讯规范法》第 230 条(Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act),网络服务提供商通常不会因为其平台上用户的行为而承担责任。尽管该条款主要适用于互联网平台,但它为去中心化协议的开发者提供了类似的保护,假设开发者没有直接参与非法行为。

然而,并非所有国家都完全认同这一理念。例如,在荷兰,Tornado Cash 的开发者 Alexey Pertsev 就因涉嫌帮助洗钱而被判刑,荷兰法院认为开源软件开发者可能对其工具的滥用行为负有一定责任。这反映出不同司法体系对技术责任的不同立场和理解。

洗钱罪的认定

在美国,洗钱罪通常依据《洗钱控制法》(Money Laundering Control Act)来追诉。根据该法,洗钱行为包括通过银行或其他金融机构进行的非法资金转移,旨在掩饰、伪装或使非法收益合法化。洗钱罪的构成要件主要包括资金的非法来源,以及为了掩盖资金来源而进行的各种交易。

「明知」标准

大多数司法辖区都将「明知为犯罪所得」作为洗钱罪的主观要求,即被告必须知道其参与的活动涉及非法资金转移。如果被告对资金的非法来源毫不知情,通常无法被认定为有洗钱罪的故意,美国也不例外。然而,在某些情况下,即便没有明确证据表明被告「明知」资金来源不法,只要可以证明其有合理的怀疑或故意忽视资金的非法来源,也可能构成洗钱罪的相关责任。

例如,《洗钱控制法》第 1956 条明确规定,任何人在「知道或有合理理由知道」某项金融交易涉及非法资金时,都有可能被视为参与洗钱行为。这就意味着,即便没有直接证据表明被告「明知」资金来源不法,只要存在明显的可疑情况或放任行为,法院依然可以判定其涉嫌洗钱。

Tornado Cash 开发者的「明知」问题

在 Tornado Cash 的案件中,开发者是否满足「明知」标准,成为了判定其是否应当为洗钱行为负责的关键问题。根据美国检方的指控,Tornado Cash 的开发者被指控为「故意」创建了一个允许匿名转账的工具,这为洗钱活动提供了便利。然而,辩方认为,作为去中心化协议的开发者,他们没有控制或知晓协议被滥用的具体方式。

对于开发者是否满足「明知」的要求,法院可能会考虑以下几个因素:

1. 技术工具的用途:Tornado Cash 作为开源、去中心化的协议,理论上是为了增强用户隐私而设计,而非专门为了洗钱。然而,法院是否能认定开发者在设计该工具时应当预见到它可能会被用于非法活动,仍是一个争议焦点。

2. 公开信息和警告:如果开发者或社区有意识到该工具频繁被用于非法交易,但仍未采取任何措施加以制止或警告,那么法院可能会认为开发者具备了「明知」或故意忽视的主观意图。

3. 开发者的行为与责任:美国检方可能会指出,Tornado Cash 的开发者如果对其工具可能的滥用存在充分的了解,或是未对工具的匿名性进行必要的约束或监控,那么他们可能被认定为「明知」该工具被用于洗钱。

这些因素从不同角度展开了开发者在去中心化金融工具设计中的责任讨论。尽管技术的本意并非犯罪,但如何界定其滥用后开发者的责任,显然是一个复杂且多层次的问题。随着案件的推进,法律如何平衡创新与合规,也许会影响未来区块链技术的方向。

结语:创新的代价谁来承担?

Tornado Cash 案早已超越了个别开发者的命运,它正在为整个去中心化金融行业划定边界。如果连开源代码的作者都可能因为用户的违法行为锒铛入狱,那还有谁敢创新?但反过来,如果完全放任匿名工具野蛮生长,犯罪活动岂不是更加肆无忌惮?

这个案子很可能成为未来的风向标——案子最终的结果不仅决定着 Storm 的命运,更是给整个加密社区的行为准则「打一个样」。在隐私与合规的天平上,技术、法律和社会究竟该如何妥协?或许答案就像区块链一样,还在等待共识的形成。

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