RWA 第一股 Figure 创始人信:DeFi 终会成为资产融资的主流方式

深潮Published on 2025-09-14Last updated on 2025-09-15

IPO 只是把区块链带入资本市场各个环节的漫长进程中的一步。

撰文:Mike Cagney

编译:Zhou,ChainCatcher

区块链借贷公司 Figure 于 9 月 11 日 IPO 并登陆美股,上市首日股价最高上涨 44%,市值约 78 亿美元;收盘时总市值为 65 亿美元。

本文是 Figure 创始人 Mike Cagney 针对 IPO 上市发出的公开信:

2017 年底,我在区块链上迎来了自己的「aha」时刻。在 SoFi 任 CEO 时,我总会对比特币、乃至更广义的区块链说一些场面话——「它会改变金融服务!」——但我并不知道它到底会怎么改变。这一次,不一样了。

你去问任何一位全栈工程师,他们大多都会说宁可不在区块链上开发:它慢、笨重,而且因为不可篡改的特性,容错极低。但区块链有一个超能力——用真相替代信任。

金融服务过去如此、今天仍然是基于信任的市场。这样的市场需要大量中介环节:在一笔公开股票的买卖之间,最多会夹着七个中间方;一笔借记卡交易,中间也可能有五个参与方。很多超大市值的公司,都是围绕这种寻租建立起来的。区块链有能力把这些多方市场浓缩成仅仅两方:买方和卖方。所有的寻租空间都将消失。

区块链能做的不只是颠覆现有市场。如果把那些历史上缺乏流动性的资产(比如贷款)及其历史表现上链,区块链就能把从未具备过的流动性带给这些市场。这种流动性再加上对资产实现真正数字化完备性与可控性的能力——会打开以前无法触达的融资机会。区块链带来的颠覆式机会不小,但它创造的待开发机会更大。

这就是我的「aha」时刻。你可以创建原生数字资产,人人无需依赖信任就能知道真实的所有权、组成与历史。资产可以实时、双边成交,没有对手方风险或结算风险。出借人能够即时、真正实现对抵押品的数字化完备控制。区块链彻底重塑了资产如何发起、交易与融资。这不是给旧事物「涂口红的猪」式的金融科技改造,而是全新的资本市场生态。我希望站在最前线推动这一变革。

Figure:用区块链重塑资本市场

2018 年初,我与妻子 June Ou 及几位志同道合者共同创立了 Figure。Figure 的目标很简单:用区块链改变资本市场。要做到这点,我们必须把一个真实、且可度量的用例带到市场上。

2018 年是 ICO(首次代币发行) 的年份,加密公司似乎可以通过卖代币源源不断地拿到资金。我们选择了一条不同的路。我们认为可以在区块链上发起、聚合并证券化贷款,从而节省最高 85 个基点(bps)的交易成本。我们把这个设想拿去和银行沟通,他们一致表示:「太棒了!我们喜欢!我们愿意做第 10 家这样做的银行……」 很明显,这并不是「你建了,他们就会来」的情况——光把系统做出来,不会有人自己走进来。

在 SoFi 做过市场领先的放贷业务后,我们并不兴奋于再造一家放贷机构,但也意识到必须向市场证明,在区块链上会更好。2018 年,我们成为最早在链上发起消费贷款的团队之一。Figure 先是以直达 C 端的贷款发起方身份起步,只不过把底座换成了区块链。我们选择房屋净值循环信贷(HELOC)作为首款产品,因为我们觉得没有人把它高效发起(绿地),而且不想马上就去和大型消费贷或按揭发起巨头硬碰硬,我们需要时间去说服买卖两端采纳这项新技术。

很快我们把模式扩展到 B2B2C。如今有 168+ 家第三方使用我们的技术在链上发起贷款,其中包括前 20 大零售按揭机构的一半。最近,我们又为这些发起方打开了区块链原生的资本市场:借助我们的技术,他们可以把资产以双边方式直接卖给(很快也能融资)区块链资本市场,无需 Figure 再做中介。

2020 年,我们完成了业内首单区块链原生消费贷款证券化;2023 年,又完成了业内首单 AAA 评级的证券化。自上线以来,我们已在链上发起超过 150 亿美元贷款,并完成逾 500 亿美元的链上交易。我们是公有链上 RWA 领域体量最大的参与者,至今无人能追上。

2018 年,主流区块链大多基于 PoW(工作量证明)。PoW 在金融服务的落地上确有挑战:成本、速度,以及最重要的可预测性。PoS(权益证明)当时开始崛起,能更好回应这些问题。在一次准许可链的误判实验之后,June 和她的团队构建并发布了 Provenance Blockchain。Provenance 是一条公有、PoS 的去中心化区块链。Figure 不控制 Provenance,尽管我们持有 20% 的实用型代币 $HASH,并持续支持该协议的研发。Provenance 为金融服务而建,对我们推动机构采用至关重要。

区块链与资本市场

我们认为,区块链给资本市场带来的核心价值有三点。第一是交易层面——降低审计、质控、第三方复核等各种成本;这部分我们已经显著受益。第二是流动性——支持 7×24 小时、实时的双边市场。我们与合作伙伴正是在搭建这样的 greenfield 贷款交易市场。最后是融资,我们认为这是最大的价值。

把原生数字资产(例如贷款)上链,能让出借人完善担保权(例如通过 Figure 的数字资产登记技术,DART)并获得控制权。出借人可以直接评估抵押品的流动性、波动性与可预支率来判断风险,而不是仅仅给借款人做授信。当我们把资金供给端与使用端直接连接,就能构建帕累托式的市场:出借人和借款人都能受益,因为他们不再承担资本配置方及其他中介的低效成本。我们先把这种去中心化(DeFi)的方法用于我们的加密交易所以提供保证金融资,最近又把 Figure 的贷款引入我们的 DeFi 借贷市场——Democratized Prime。就像我们在交易 / 流动性层面做的那样,我们正在用自有资产示范 DeFi 在融资上的力量。

我们一直认为 DeFi 终会成为资产融资的主流方式,而近期立法正在让这件事加速发生。美国财政部在 GENIUS 法案通过后,曾指出有数万亿美元可能通过稳定币流入美国国债票据。这些资金将主要来自银行存款。2022–2023 年,1 万亿美元银行存款外流几乎让金融系统失灵。如果财政部对规模与路径的判断正确,就必须有新事物来填补空缺。我们相信那就是 DeFi,而且我们正在 RWA 领域引领这条道路。

区块链的「终局」

我们认为,区块链的价值主张可以扩展到所有资产类别。以公开股票为例,除了交易效率与流动性,区块链在融资上的改进可能是当下最显著的。想象一种场景,你可以把股票与其他非股权资产无缝地交叉抵押来获得杠杆;或者由投资者本人直接控制并赚取把你股票出借所带来的经济收益。区块链是金融竞技场的平衡器。我们率先在链上做了出借业务,下一步我们希望引领把新的资产类别(例如股票)也搬上链。

就像 Web 2.0 今天有七巨头股票,我相信 Web 3.0 也会有一组代表区块链技术的同级别公司。我们的 IPO 让我们更接近成为这一同侪集合中的领军者。尽管我们在极其严苛的监管环境下,已经构建出一家盈利且高速增长、基于区块链的公司,但我们仍非常乐观:监管变化与公开市场对区块链的接受度将会在未来几年推动整个行业以及其中的机会。IPO 只是把区块链带入资本市场各个环节的漫长进程中的一步。

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