美股散户投机泡沫重现?这次可能有所不同

深潮Published on 2025-07-31Last updated on 2025-08-01

尽管存在资本错配风险,但历史经验表明此类投机泡沫破裂通常不会波及更广泛的市场。

撰文:卜淑情,华尔街见闻

Meme 股重现江湖,散户投机热情点燃 7 月市场狂欢,也引发了股市泡沫担忧,但分析师认为这一轮炒作对整体市场的溢出效应相对有限。

分析师认为,与 2021 年 GameStop 和 AMC 娱乐主导的 Meme 股热潮不同,当前的投机活动主要集中在小盘股和低价股,对标普 500 等主要指数影响微乎其微。

尽管存在资本错配风险,但历史经验表明此类投机泡沫破裂通常不会波及更广泛的市场。

低价股成投机新宠,交易量创纪录高位

7 月市场最显著的特征是对低价股的疯狂追逐。数据显示,月初股价最低的十分之一股票在 7 月 23 日新一轮 Meme 股见顶时中位数涨幅达到 16%,远超股价最高股票 1.4% 的涨幅。股票起始价格成为当月表现的最佳预测指标。

这种基于股价而非公司基本面的投资逻辑在机构投资者看来颇为荒谬。公司可通过简单的股票分割或反向分割轻松改变股价,而不影响股东实际持股比例或利润分成。除非股价长期低于 1 美元面临退市风险,否则绝对股价本身并无实际意义。

然而,大量散户投资者要么不理解这一基本原理,要么选择忽视。在 7 月的狂热交易中,这些投资者的策略确实奏效,专业投资者的理性分析反而失灵。当投机热潮在月末逆转时,最便宜的股票跌幅也最大,达到 6%。

资本配置担忧浮现,历史教训值得警惕

过度投机可能导致资本配置不当,2021 年的 Meme 股热潮已提供了明确例证。

当时 GameStop 和 AMC 等公司趁股价高企发行数十亿美元新股,但股价随后仍大幅下跌。GameStop 和 AMC 目前较峰值分别下跌 74% 和 99%。

经济学家凯恩斯在 1936 年曾警告,当「实业成为投机漩涡上的泡沫」时,资本将流向错误的公司,损害增长和就业。这一担忧在当前环境下同样适用,特别是当投机资金大量涌入基本面疲弱的公司时。

不过,当前投机活动的影响范围相对有限。

标普 500 指数中并无低价股,大公司中较便宜股票在 7 月也未显现明显的表现模式。2021 年散户推高绿色股票、SPAC 和亏损科技股泡沫时,这些泡沫破裂对更广泛市场的影响同样微乎其微。

市场情绪趋于理性,整体风险可控

美国散户协会和 Investors Intelligence 的长期情绪调查显示,当前投资者情绪虽较年初更为积极,但尚未达到过度乐观水平。期货交易者倾向于看涨期权,但程度远不及 2021 年。

分析师估计,散户投资者可能在 4 月以来的逢低买入中推高了标普 500 指数,但在 7 月的影响相对有限。

当前被称为 DORK 股票(取自 Krispy Kreme、Opendoor Technologies、Rocket 和 Kohl『s 等公司代码)的新一轮 Meme 股只是私人交易者夏季投机热潮的公开表象。

尽管投资者有理由担心股价过高、关税对盈利的冲击、经济的潜在弱点以及人工智能热情过度等问题,但 Meme 股和低价股的繁荣与萧条对市场其余部分的溢出效应相当有限。历史经验表明,这类投机活动更多是市场的边缘现象,而非系统性风险的重要来源。

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