一文了解 Rollup 的下一步:去中心化定序器

元宇宙之道Published on 2022-06-10Last updated on 2022-06-10

Abstract

中心化定序器(sequencer)是当前rollup普遍采用的方式,并且大多数项目(如果不是全部)计划在未来实现去中心化的定序器。

中心化定序器(sequencer)是当前rollup普遍采用的方式,并且大多数项目(如果不是全部)计划在未来实现去中心化的定序器。由于存在多个适合不同结果的选择,因此并没有所谓正确的去中心化方式。

具有leader选举的无许可PoS方式

要实例化一组无需许可的定序器(sequencer)来代替一个中心化定序器,最低要求是具备某种形式的抗女巫机制以及一个leader选举机制。抗女巫(Sybilresistance)是为了给恶意行为强加一个执行成本,使用权益证明(PoS),可以通过错失奖励(例如inactivityleaks),或通过直接减少权益(罚没)来对定序器征收成本。

由于rollup使用L1(我们将其称为基础层)来达成共识,因此所需要的只是一个leader选举机制来轮换定序器。节点获得相对于他们拥有的权益百分比的定序特权(比如10%的权益比例,将在大约10%的时间里产生定序职责)。有几种leader选举算法与共识协议捆绑在一起,可以作为定序器集的独立机制正常工作。

可以通过智能合约在基础层或直接在rollup中建立起质押(staking)机制。关键是,就像任何单体链(monolithicchain)一样,个人只需要通过质押原生代币并满足最低硬件要求即可加入定序器集。

具有MEV拍卖的无许可PoS方式

定序器的职责可以通过拍卖授予,而不是指定的leader选举机制。拍卖被指定为MEV拍卖(MEVA),因为出价最高的实体有权成为定序器,并在指定的定序器周期内提取任何MEV。周期可以是任意长度,尽管在频繁拍卖与不频繁拍卖之间存在着权衡。

MEV拍卖可能听起来很有吸引力,因为定序权是无需许可的。任何人都可以通过竞标的方式成为定序器,即使只有出价最高的人才能获得这种权利。将定序器角色授予最高出价者,确保了每次只有资金最充裕的竞标人才能获胜。此外,能够提取最多MEV的定序器将能够比其他定序器更快地增长其资本基础。最后,MEVA集中并激励了定序垄断。垄断源于成为定序者以及赢得MEVA的高进入壁垒,以及定序者可以发挥的定价能力。

虽然赢得MEVA并不能让定序器控制系统,但它们仍然可被罚没。

Rollup确实从MEVA产生了收入,并可用于各种用途,例如协议制定或公共物品资助。然而,这些收入并不是免费获得的,MEVA产生的收入是以受MEV提取影响的用户为代价的。由于MEV提取本质上是对用户的无形税收,因此MEVA只是从用户到MEVA收入受益者的财富再分配。

为发展和公共产品融资等事业支付某种类型的税收,可以说是一项崇高的事业,而我也支持这项事业。以MEVA的形式从税收中获得收入,远不是一个理想的解决方案。有很多更好、更周到的方法可以实施税收。

具有公平排序的许可定序器集

如果目标是降低MEV,则可以采用一种稍微不同的方法。定序器角色可以在受信任/半受信任的一组参与者之间分配。每个定序器都参与一个共识过程来确定交易排序(也称为公平排序)。通过共识,可以出现“公平”排序的概念,类似于先到先得。

用户进行一笔交易,该交易被广播至所有定序器;

定序器按照他们声称交易到达的顺序构建交易列表;

使用公平排序算法合并所有定序器列表,以创建某种形式的先到先得顺序的共识视图;

共识过程后的最终排序发布到基础层;

值得注意的是,共识过程引入了诚实多数假设。如果大多数人都是诚实的,那么,尽管其他恶意定序器试图操纵排序,但先到先得的排序将得到支持。如果大多数定序器不诚实,则可以以任意方式操纵排序以提取MEV。

即使诚实多数假设成立,MEV仍然存在。相反,某些类型的MEV会受到限制。抢先交易仍然可能发生,但这将取决于延迟竞争。也就是说,到达大多数定序器的第一笔交易将捕获MEV机会。如果没有一个leader或mempool存储池,类似Flashbots的拍卖实际上无法实现精细的MEV偏好(再见了,三明治攻击)。

由于定序器集是许可的,因此需要主动管理以允许定序器进入集合,并为处理恶意或不诚实的定序器行为提供追索权。该过程涉及社区的程度尚不清楚,尽管很难从导致排序被操纵的网络问题中辨别出排序操纵。辨别顺序操纵是困难的,这就是为什么罚没不一定能以编程的方式来惩罚定序器。

此外,围绕MEV缓解的加密技术(例如门限加密),可与许可或无许可的定序器组合使用,以帮助缓解MEV问题。

结论

我们如何实现去中心化定序器?这个问题并没有唯一的答案,这取决于rollup的首选项和目标。如果目标是通过无许可进入定序器集成为性能最高的rollup,那么具有leader选举的无许可PoS方法,可能是最佳选择。如果主要目标是缓解MEV问题,那么最好使用具有公平排序或门限加密的许可定序器集。如果目标是为了提供一条更可持续的途径来资助任何数量的事业,那么经过深思熟虑的税收加上前面的任何一种选择都可能是合适的。

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