依然难起势,加密预测市场的爆发条件是什么?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-08-12Last updated on 2024-08-12

Abstract

确定足够独特或适合加密预测市场的主题才是其实现增长和可持续性的关键。

原文来自 Min Jung

编译 | Odaily星球日报 Golem(@web3_golem

依然难起势,加密预测市场的爆发条件是什么?

编者按:加密预测市场在本轮周期获得大量关注,许多人认为其是新一轮区块链应用实现破圈的重要代表。数据显示,头部加密预测平台 Polymarket 2024 年的累计交易量超 6 亿美元,其用户群超 15 万人,这样亮眼的成绩就连以太坊创始人 Vitalik 也曾公开赞扬 Polymarket 表现出色。然而加密预测市场真的大规模火起来了吗?

Polymarket 上最受欢迎的预测主题均与美国大选相关, 2024 年美国总统大选获胜者的预测奖金池甚至超过了 5.7 亿美元。然而其他预测主题的奖池与参与人数却并不太多;除了美国大选外,巴黎奥运会应该是近期全球热度最高的活动之一,但是 Polymarket 上奥运主题中最热门的国家金牌榜排名预测奖金池也仅1000 万美元左右,这与传统博彩平台的资金体量和参与人数形成不小的差距。

这样的差距是否也能反映出:只有在加密行业较关心的短期话题领域(如美国大选)方面加密预测市场才具有一定流量,而在其他方面的热度及破圈效应并没有想象中的广泛。那么,阻碍加密预测市场进一步向外发展的因素是什么?相应的解决方案又是什么?Odaily星球日报对 Min Jung 撰写的《Prediction Markets: The Next Big Thing?》进行了选择性编译,探讨加密预测市场的优势及影响其发展的因素。

重点结论:

  • 因为具有金融激励,加密预测市场的准确度正在提高。这些市场涵盖了从体育到政治事件等广泛的主题,并且随着区块链技术不断发展,平台透明度和信任度也在不断提高。

  • 预测市场因能提供准确且实时的预测而受到欢迎。它们允许用户对特定结果下注,为用户提供了新颖的投资和对冲机会,充当了传统金融产品无法覆盖到的事件的对冲工具。

  • 尽管具有潜力,但加密预测市场仍面临重大挑战。与传统金融市场和体育博彩相比,它们对专业的投资者和普通玩家都缺乏吸引力,导致流动性较低。

预测市场为何能获得关注

准确率超越一般调查

预测市场的结果值得参考的原因是,使用真金白银作为赌注提高了预测的准确性。金融激励迫使参与者投入更多精力做出明智准确的预测,任何预测一旦涉及到金钱,个人就更有可能理性分析阵容、过去的表现和其他相关细节,以提高获胜的机会。

研究表明,预测市场的准确率优于传统调查。Berg、Nelson 和 Rietz 2008 年在《长期预测市场准确性》中指出,涉及金融利益的市场始终提供比传统民意调查方法更精确的预测。这一观点在 Liester 的研究《预测市场与政治民意调查:预测选举结果》中也得到了呼应,他发现“预测市场为政治结果提供了更好的预测工具”。此类研究表明,预测市场产生的数据比传统调查(如电话调查)的准确性更高,提供了事件未来更清晰和可靠的图景。这使得预测市场成为预测各种结果的有力工具,即使是受信任的媒体也经常引用它们。

“预测市场”是专门为预测选举等事件而设计的。尽管选举预测市场已经诞生了近二十年,但迄今为止,将选举前夕的预测和最终民意调查与实际选举结果进行比较,我们提供的证据表明,预测市场在较长时间内优于民意调查。我们收集了 1988 年至 2004 年美国总统大选的全国性民意调查,并询问是民调还是同时期的爱荷华电子市场(Iowa Electronic Markets)的投票份额市场预测更接近两大政党投票的最终结果。我们将市场预测与 1988 年以来五次总统选举的 964 次民意调查进行比较,预测市场在 74% 的时间内更接近最终结果。此外,如果提前 100 多天预测,市场在每次选举中的表现都明显优于民意调查。

来源:《预测市场与政治民意调查:预测选举结果》

实时更新

预测市场的预测数据实时更新。传统的调查或民意调查因为数据收集缓慢可能需要数小时到数周才能产生结果,而预测市场能够通过金融交易快速吸收和反映当前事件信息和观点。这种即时性使预测市场能够实时跟踪公众情绪,进而成为传统媒体获取最新信息的宝贵途径。

新的投资和对冲机会

预测市场还提供了新的投资和对冲机会。以投资电影制片厂为例,从传统金融工具的角度来看,人们可能会通过投资电影制片厂的股权来预测其未来成功。预测市场则允许更细致和具体的预测,例如对某个电影上映时的观众人数进行预测。预测市场的灵活性使更精确和有针对性的风险敞口成为可能,投资者能够隔离风险并以各种方式表达自己的投资观点。

此外,预测市场也类似于传统的金融工具,提供针对意外事件的对冲机制。例如,担心可能出现暴风雪的纽约披萨店老板可以在预测市场押注下大雪,这种押注将作为一种金融安全网(对冲工具),补偿因暴风雪带来的损失。因此,预测市场可以将金融策略进一步融入日常生活,促进风险管理和减少不确定性带来的损失。

依然难起势,加密预测市场的爆发条件是什么?

Polymarket 过去的预测主题,来源:Polymarket, Presto Research

阻碍加密预测市场发展的因素及对策

但加密预测市场今天面临的最大问题是流动性。即使在高峰期,关注度也大多是短暂的,并且仅限于选举等特定时期,只有前 3 到 5 个预测主题有足够的交易量供人们进行大规模交易(例如 1000 美元)。那么,为什么预测市场难以吸引流动性,又应该如何解决呢?

难以吸引专业投资者

尽管加密预测市场潜力巨大,但由于其“要么输光要么赢光”的二分支付结构,使其更适合散户而非传统投资者。虽然参与者理论上可以在裁决日期之前出售头寸,但大多数预测主题往往是在一瞬间裁决而不是随着时间慢慢推移。例如,虽然投资者可能会在“谁将在奥运会上获得最多金牌”等话题上获利或止损,但其他话题,如“拜登是否会在就职演说中说‘folks’”,可以立即得出结论,而且由于市场变化迅速几乎不可能设置止损。因为波动性高且极有可能失去一切,预测市场难以吸引专业的投资者和机构。

  • 解决方案:吸引期权用户

“要么输光要么赢光”的二分支付结构在传统金融市场中也以“期权”的形式存在。期权分为两类:短期期权或 0 DTE(零天到期)期权和长期期权。前者更具投机性,散户也更喜欢,加密预测市场可以吸引这部分用户(稍后我会讨论为什么这种情况并未发生)。而长期期权则主要用于对冲,而不是作为直接定向敞口的工具。同时期权通常与其他期权或股票组合使用(例如跨式期权、铁鹰期权、备兑看跌期权),而不是单纯使用看涨或看跌期权。因此,如果加密预测市场希望吸引做长期期权的用户,它们需要不仅作为纯粹的“投资”工具,还需成为有效的对冲工具。

无法满足短线玩家需求

那么针对体育博彩等玩家,加密预测市场吸引力如何呢?事实是加密预测市场也难以吸引这部分玩家,因为加密预测市场下注结算时间较慢,更像一个长期市场,而且缺乏只能在加密预测市场上交易的优质主题。

Polymarket 中交易量前十的预测主题结算日期如下,这与体育博彩形成鲜明对比,体育博彩的大多数结算时间都在几个小时或最多一周内结束。对于某些预测主题,人们不知道结算时间何时发生,甚至也不知道它是否会在主题结束日期之前发生。

依然难起势,加密预测市场的爆发条件是什么?

Polymarket 上排名前 10 的预测主题的结算日期,来源:Polymarket、Presto Research

这也是前面所说加密预测市场难以吸引喜欢快速结算的 0 DTE 期权用户的关键原因。由于裁决日期较长,加密预测市场的回报对许多用户来说并不具有吸引力。即使你押注了胜率相当的主题,回报也只是 2 倍,这对于押注可能在 10 分钟内翻 10 倍的加密 Meme 币爱好者来说并不具有吸引力。长期占用资本的风险和错失的机会成本使预测市场对追求短期巨额收益的人来说并不具有吸引力。

  • 解决方案:设计杠杆或生息产品

解决此问题的一个方法是设计杠杆产品,使用户能够提高资本效率。有了杠杆产品,用户就不必担心他们的资本被长期占用。其他解决方案包括使用稳定币生息策略,甚至设计一个允许用户以头寸为抵押借贷的借贷协议。

没有差异化的预测服务不可持续

如今加密预测市场的主题与其他平台的主题没有差异。目前流行的主题包括政治(由于选举季节)、加密货币和体育。因此,人们没有太多动力单独使用加密预测市场,因为加密货币交易所和体育博彩网站为这些活动提供了更好的流动性和用户体验。

依然难起势,加密预测市场的爆发条件是什么?

大部分交易量来自政治和加密货币,资料来源:Polymarket、Presto Research

  • 解决方案:找到合适且可持续的预测主题

目前,Polymarket 等加密预测平台依靠选举和奥运会等活动蓬勃发展,但这些活动并不经常发生,可能只会给平台引起短期流量。为了使加密预测市场保持持续的用户参与度,就需要引入像体育一样长期令人激动或像 CPI 发布和美联储加息一样定期但其他平台又没有的预测服务。确定独特或适合加密预测市场的主题才是其实现增长和可持续性的关键。

结论

尽管预测市场提供了独特的机会和优势,但它们在Web3领域的影响力才刚刚开始显现。参与门槛依然很高,因为参与者需要熟悉区块链相关操作,包括加密货币的转移和管理(例如跨链桥接和使用 MetaMask 等)。想要真正发挥加密预测市场的潜力,就必须解决这些可访问性方面挑战,并将重点放在创造一个更加友好的用户体验上。相信随着上述战略改进和规模更大的推广,加密预测市场有可能重新定义我们如何预测未来事件以及如何进行风险管理。

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