普京签署加密货币挖矿合法化法律:俄罗斯将重新定义挖矿行业?

币界网Published on 2024-08-10Last updated on 2024-08-10

币界网报道:

作者:Chloe,PANews

根据塔斯社报道,俄罗斯总统普京签署了一项法案,旨在让俄罗斯的加密货币挖矿合法化,标誌着俄罗斯对数字货币立场的历史性转变。

在一次经济会议上普京与内阁讨论了关于数字货币的引入和使用问题。他指出,这是现代经济走向前景的方向,对俄罗斯来说,"不错过时机"很重要,要及时调整法律基础和监管方针,发展基础设施,为数字资产流通创造条件。

挖矿在俄罗斯被重新定义为一种经济活动

而这项被普京签署的法律为俄罗斯引入了新的概念:数字货币挖矿、挖矿池、挖矿基础设施运营商和组织挖矿池活动的人。

特别的是,挖矿在该法律中被认为是流通的组成部分,而不是数字货币的发行,传统观点上看通常会将加密货币挖矿视为"发行"新的数字货币,因为挖矿过程会产生新的加密货币单位,但俄罗斯新法律将挖矿定义为"流通的一部分",而非"发行"。 这种定义的含义将挖矿视为一种经济活动,而不是铸造货币的行为。

除此之外,只有被列入相应登记册的俄罗斯法人和个体企业家才有权进行挖矿,以及不超过俄罗斯政府规定能源消耗限制的自然人,将有权进行数字货币挖矿而无需纳入登记册,未来内阁部长将会为该行业的个人和企业设定具体要求。

回朔到一个月前,普京认为,俄罗斯境内的加密货币挖矿活动每年消耗的电力已经达到警戒状态,挖矿活动整体占据该国总电力消耗的 1.5%,且也因为俄罗斯的低电价和挖矿设备的使用、取得便利性,这趋势势必会持续上升。

当时普京称比特币和其他加密挖矿设施不受控制的电力消耗,已经导致布里亚特共和国、伊尔库茨克地区和贝加尔湖边疆区等地区有电力短缺的状况出现。"这个问题非常严重,将会带给企业与居民无法设想的后果,甚至可能会让国家投资和基础设施项目停滞。"

不过这不代表普京不看好数字货币,先前普京也强调过俄罗斯必须更广泛及全面地实施其央行数位货币(CBDC),也就是数字卢布。且当时针对加密货币挖矿业务,俄罗斯立法者也持续在拟定立法草案,直至 8 月 8 日普京签署将加密货币挖矿合法化的法律条文,而该文件将在官方公布后十天生效。

国外发行的数字资产如何在俄罗斯境内合法流通?

除此之外,普京签署的这项法律也禁止利用数字货币进行洗钱等不法活动。因此,矿工现在将会被要求报告他们获取数字货币的方法,并向政府机构提供必要的身份识别,且俄罗斯的金融监管机构 Rosfinmonitoring 将保留一份涉嫌参与洗钱或恐怖主义融资的用户记录。

值得一提的是,该法案最初提议出来是禁止挖掘的货币在俄罗斯境内流通。然而,在第二次立法议论后,这项规定被修改为允许在俄罗斯的区块链平台上交易数字金融资产(DFA),也就是俄罗斯中央银行仍保留禁止政府以外的单位发行货币的权力,如果它们对国家的金融稳定构成风险。

另外,根据新法,国外发行的数字资产(如数字代币或加密资产)可以在俄罗斯境内合法流通,但需要满足以下条件:第一,这些外国数字资产必须经过俄罗斯授权的信息系统运营商的评估和分类,第二,信息系统运营商需要确认这些国外数字资产符合俄罗斯对数字权利的定义和监管要求,第三,如果国外数字资产通过了评估和分类过程,它们就会被认定为等同于俄罗斯本土发行的数字权利。

而一旦获得认可,这些国外数字资产就可以在俄罗斯境内合法交易和使用,享有与本土数字资产相同的法律地位。

最后,有经济犯罪、公务人员犯罪或严重故意犯罪前科的个人被禁止从事挖矿活动。这一限制也适用于参与极端主义活动或资产被冻结或封锁的人。如果公司的创始人不符合所需的商业诚信标准,他们也会被禁止参与挖矿。

在这场与内阁的经济会议中,普京也强调了与某些地区挖矿操作相关的电力消耗上升的担忧,因此为解决这些问题,该立法授予政府在特定地区限制挖矿活动的权力,并禁止将挖矿与电力行业整合。

俄罗斯或借加密货币绕开西方二级制裁

由于美国经济强劲、货币政策收紧,加上地缘政治风险加剧,美元的主导地位并没有因为虚拟货币出现而被削弱,根据美国大西洋理事会地缘经济中心(Atlantic Council's GeoEconomics Center)公布的最新研究,美元如今约占所有货币交易的 90%,不仅如此,近年几乎全部的石油交易都是以美元进行,美元作为全球最主要储备货币地位依旧无可动摇,虽然因经济分化加强了金砖国家转向其他储备货币的动力,但依旧无法减少全球对美元的依赖。

金砖国家(巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非等)所组成的新兴经济体不断扩大,他们一直以来都在致力于减少在国际贸易中对美元的依赖,同时也促使了这些国家转向其他国际货币和加深储备货币的动力。

而先前美国财政部长 Janet Yellen 表达了对俄罗斯使用加密货币逃避制裁的担忧。Yellen 在众议院指出虽然现在这可能不是一个重大问题,但随着制裁的加强,俄罗斯藉加密货币绕开西方制裁情形会变得更加严重。Yellen 并补充说:“稳定币没有什么特别的优势,因爲它稳定所以不能通过持有它来赚钱,而且它通常不附带利息,它唯一优势是逃避美国的制裁和其他法律,包括税法。

俄罗斯央行先前已经建议企业使用加密货币和数字资产来减轻乌克兰冲突后西方制裁的影响,俄罗斯央行行长 Elvira Nabiullina 承认,支付问题对俄罗斯经济非常重要并强调新金融技术是非常有潜力的作用。“新金融技术爲这些问题创造了机会,这就是爲什么我国放宽了对在国际支付中使用加密货币的立场,允许在此类支付中使用数字资产。”Nabiullina 说道。

萨尔瓦多提议在与俄罗斯的贸易中,使用加密货币进行支付

除此之外,就在上个月萨尔瓦多向俄罗斯提出了使用数字货币作为两国贸易媒介的建议。“目前俄罗斯在国际上交易还是非常有挑战性,因为萨尔瓦多的官方货币是美元,作为替代方案,萨尔瓦多建议使用加密货币进行贸易交易” 俄罗斯驻萨尔瓦多办事处负责人 Alexander Ilyukhin 说道。

不仅如此,萨尔瓦多正在考虑申请加入金砖国家的行列,以进一步促进整体经济发展。Ilyukhin 也担忧,该计划执行恐怕很有挑战性,因为比特币在俄罗斯的使用并不像在拉丁美洲那么广泛。

但两国仍在寻找其他方式来加强贸易,因为两国都希望继续保持经济联盟,俄罗斯和萨尔瓦多考虑的其中一个选择是在萨尔瓦多设立一家银行,支持印度卢比、俄罗斯卢布和中国人民币等不同货币的交易。

为规避入侵乌克兰后面临的西方制裁,俄罗斯国会 7 月 30 日立法允许企业在国际贸易中使用加密货币,而该法将在 9 月生效,以解决国际支付延迟问题,尤其是与中国、印度和阿拉伯联合大公国等主要贸易伙伴的支付延迟问题,付款延迟导致俄罗斯今第二季进口下降 8%,随着西方二级制裁的风险增加,使得俄罗斯进口商品的支付系统变得极为困难。

如今,俄罗斯正逐步铺平加密货币交易的道路以缓解西方制裁带来的经济挑战,确保国际贸易更加顺畅。俄罗斯下院议长 Anatoly Aksakov 表示,俄罗斯在金融领域做出了历史性决定。

Related Reads

The "Impossible Triad" Is Fundamentally a Pseudo-Problem

The article argues that blockchain's fundamental limitation is not the scalability trilemma (decentralization, scalability, security), which has been largely solved, but the lack of **privacy** and, until recently, clear **legitimacy**. Blockchain is described as a slow, expensive, globally shared computer whose core value is censorship resistance and verifiability. While ideal for native digital assets like money (e.g., stablecoins), its default transparency acts as a **tax**, exposing all transactions and enabling MEV extraction, which deters serious institutional capital. Simultaneously, its permissionless nature created regulatory ambiguity. The piece contends that **privacy** is the missing critical feature. It rejects the false choice between total transparency and complete anonymity. Modern cryptography (like zero-knowledge proofs) enables **compliant privacy**: users can prove facts (solvency, KYC status, compliance) without revealing the underlying sensitive data (specific holdings, identities). This preserves auditability for regulators and eliminates the leak of financial information. With recent regulatory progress (e.g., the GENIUS Act) addressing legitimacy, adding default, provably compliant privacy becomes a pure upgrade. It transforms blockchain from a costly, public ledger into a confidential settlement layer, finally bridging the gap to mainstream institutional and individual adoption of on-chain finance.

链捕手4h ago

The "Impossible Triad" Is Fundamentally a Pseudo-Problem

链捕手4h ago

Optical Chips: Collective Capacity Expansion

The global optical chip industry is experiencing a massive wave of expansion driven by surging AI data center demand. Major players across the US, Japan, Europe, and China are aggressively investing to ramp up production capacity. In the US, Coherent is expanding its 6-inch Indium Phosphide (InP) semiconductor fab in Texas, supported by CHIPS Act funding and a $2 billion strategic investment from NVIDIA. Lumentum is building a new factory for InP optical devices, and Nokia is scaling its advanced photonic chip packaging and testing capabilities. NVIDIA's investments aim to secure future supply of critical lasers and optical interconnect products for AI infrastructure. Japan's JX Advanced Metals, a leading InP substrate supplier, plans a multi-billion yen investment to increase its capacity 7-10 times, strengthening its grip on the crucial upstream materials market. In Europe, IQE and Tower Semiconductor settled a patent dispute and signed a multi-year InP epitaxial wafer supply agreement, highlighting that next-generation silicon photonics platforms will integrate high-performance InP components. STMicroelectronics and Sivers Semiconductors are also expanding silicon photonics production and partnerships. China is rapidly building out its domestic supply chain. Dongshan Precision's subsidiary, Source Photonics, announced a $12 billion project to expand optical chip and module production. Companies like Sanan Optoelectronics and Yunnan Germanium are scaling up InP chip manufacturing and substrate production, moving towards vertical integration from materials to modules. While debate continues around the exact future architecture—whether CPO (Co-Packaged Optics), NPO, or pluggables will dominate—analysts like Morgan Stanley argue the underlying driver is unchangeable: the explosive growth in bandwidth demand. This will inevitably increase the volume of optical engines, lasers, and related content per GPU, regardless of the final technical path. The competition for "more light" in the AI era has intensified into a global, full-chain capacity race.

marsbit6h ago

Optical Chips: Collective Capacity Expansion

marsbit6h ago

Stablecoins Finally Find Real Yield: An In-Depth Look at On-Chain Reinsurance Re | A Conversation with Re Founder Karan Saroya

Stablecoin Real Yield Found: A Deep Dive into On-Chain Reinsurance with Re's Karan Saroya As stablecoin supply exceeds $170 billion, the search for sustainable, non-speculative yield intensifies. Re, an on-chain reinsurance platform, provides an answer: connecting stablecoin capital to the trillion-dollar traditional reinsurance market. Re operates as a regulated reinsurer, accepting stablecoin deposits as collateral to back US insurance companies. These insurers pay premiums, generating yield that flows back to on-chain depositors. Currently supporting 35 insurers and underwriting $500 million, Re projects scaling to over $1 billion soon. Key insights from a Bankless podcast with founder Karan Saroya and investor Avichal of Electric Capital: 1. **Uncorrelated, Real-World Yield:** Re offers stablecoin holders access to reinsurance returns (targeting 12-14%+), an asset class entirely separate from crypto or equity markets. 2. **Operational Efficiency via Smart Contracts:** Re replaces traditional, labor-intensive capital fundraising with smart contracts, allowing a ~12-person team to compete with industry giants. 3. **Regulatory Leverage:** For every $1 of collateral, regulations allow backing $5-7 in written premiums. This leverage amplifies returns from the underlying risk-free rate. 4. **DeFi Integration:** Depositors receive receipt tokens, which can be used in protocols like Morpho for "looping," potentially pushing yields to 18-20%+. 5. **The "DeFi Mullet" Model:** A compliant front-end (regulated reinsurer) paired with a decentralized back-end (smart contracts, DeFi capital markets). 6. **RE Governance Token:** Modeled on Lloyd's of London, the token governs the central capital pool's allocation, counterparty acceptance, and parameters. 7. **Real Economic Impact:** Capital funds real-world productivity (factories, clinics, businesses) via insurance, moving beyond crypto's internal loops. The discussion highlights a pivotal moment: DeFi's supply-side infrastructure is now met by real demand for productive yield, potentially kickstarting a flywheel where vast on-chain stablecoin capital seeks these real-world returns.

链捕手7h ago

Stablecoins Finally Find Real Yield: An In-Depth Look at On-Chain Reinsurance Re | A Conversation with Re Founder Karan Saroya

链捕手7h ago

1996 or 1999? Walsh's First Test is 'How to View AI'

"1996 or 1999? Wall's First Big Test Is 'How to View AI'" Federal Reserve Chairman Wall's initial challenge is not whether to raise or cut rates, but a more fundamental judgment: what kind of boom is the current AI boom? This will determine the Fed's policy path and define his legacy. Economics is split between two opposing views, according to reporter Nick Timiraos. One sees imminent productivity gains that will increase supply and cool inflation, allowing the Fed to hold steady. The other argues that while productivity benefits are distant, demand shocks are here now, and waiting for data confirmation risks missing the intervention window, forcing sharper rate hikes later. Wall has signaled a leaning toward the first view, echoing 1996-era Alan Greenspan, who embraced strong, productivity-driven growth without fear of inflation. However, Wall faces a different macro environment than Greenspan did, with tariff pressures, expanding fiscal deficits, and diminishing globalization benefits, which could force more significant inflation pressures even if AI benefits materialize. Wall's logic, expressed before taking office, is that AI-driven productivity gains won't show in official data for years. If the Fed waits for confirmation, it might mistakenly tighten policy and choke off the very growth that could suppress inflation. This argues for using forward-looking narratives over lagging data. Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee presents a key counter-argument. He distinguishes between expected and unexpected productivity booms. A widely anticipated boom, like the current AI wave, can cause people to spend future wealth gains in advance, overheating the economy before productivity actually rises, thus requiring preemptive rate hikes. He cites rising costs for AI data centers as evidence of such overheating. Fed Governor Christopher Waller offers a rebuttal to Goolsbee, noting the "expected spending" mechanism only works if people can borrow against future income, which many households cannot do due to borrowing constraints. Wall also faces a paradox related to his desire to reduce the Fed's use of "forward guidance" (pre-announcing policy moves). This practice was established in 1999 when Greenspan began signaling hikes to avoid market shocks. If the economy follows a less optimistic path, Wall may be forced to choose between using the guidance he wants to abolish or risking market volatility by staying silent. The ultimate question defining Wall's first major test remains: Is this 1996 or 1999?

marsbit8h ago

1996 or 1999? Walsh's First Test is 'How to View AI'

marsbit8h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures
活动图片