加息并缩表,日本央行会更“鹰”一步吗?

深潮Published on 2024-07-31Last updated on 2024-07-31

“超预期”加息,缩表“不及预期”。

作者:赵颖,华尔街见闻

日本央行“鹰派”了一回,同时宣布加息、缩表,彰显政策正常化的决心。

7月31日周三,日本央行宣布最新利率决议,宣布加息15个基点,将政策利率上调至0.15%-0.25%,日本央行以7-2的投票比例通过利率决议,此前市场预期维持不变。

同时,日本央行公布缩表计划,国债购买规模每个季度减少4000亿日元,将不再提供债券购买范围而是提供指定金额。日本央行一致投票决定缩减债券购买规模,但不及此前每月缩减1万亿日元的预期。

新的货币市场操作指引将于2024年8月1日起生效。分析认为:

日本央行指出今明两年通胀风险偏向上行,这可能是其采取行动的原因。如果这种前景被证明是正确的,那么日本央行可能会进一步加息。

消息发布后,日元兑美元短线剧烈震荡,目前跌破153,稍早一度快速拉升破152关口。日经225指数在日本央行决策后继续下跌,日本10年期国债期货在日本央行宣布利率后缩小盘中跌幅。

“超预期”加息,缩表“不及预期”

日本央行本次“超预期”加息,市场预计7月加息可能性仅约40%;而缩表不及预期,市场普遍预期购买量下月将减少至5万亿日元,日本央行行长植田和男曾强调削减幅度将相当显著。

具体来看:

目前每月购债规模约6万亿日元,7月份月度购债规模约为5.7万亿日元,从8-9月起月度购债规模约为5.3万亿日元,10-12月的月度购债规模约为4.9万亿日元......

到2026年一季度月度购债规模将约为3万亿日元,日本国债持有量预计将在2024年中期减少约7-8%。

日本央行补充称,对金融机构在日本央行持有的活期账户余额适用0.25%的利率;将以可预测的方式减少国债购买,将在每个季度宣布债券购买规模,根据需要调整债券购买计划,在2025年6月对购债实施中期评估,如有必要将在政策会议上评估债券购买计划。

值得一提的是,消息公布前,日本媒体曾“泄密”,日本放送协会NHK、日经新闻和时事通讯都指出了日本央行可能的加息举动,8-9月的购债时间表也如期公布,购债金额都较此前减少。

物价存在上行风险,或进一步加息

日本央行表示:

随着经济前景发生实质性变化,将调整宽松政策,实际利率明显偏低。

若通胀前景成为现实,将继续加息,工资涨幅明显高于去年,2024、2025财年的物价风险偏向于上行。

通胀预测方面,日本央行将2024/25财年核心CPI小幅下调,除能源外的核心CPI保持不变:

2024财年核心CPI为2.5%,此前预测为2.8%;2025财年核心CPI为2.1%,此前预测为1.9%;2026财年核心CPI为1.9%,此前预测为1.9%。

2024财年除能源外核心CPI为1.9%,此前预测为1.9%;预计2025财年除能源外核心CPI为1.9%,此前预测为1.9%;预计2026财年除能源外核心CPI为2.1%,此前预测为2.1%。

同时,日本还表示:

日元汇率比以往更有可能影响物价,进口价格再次上涨,必须警惕通胀超调风险。

此外,尽管受到价格影响,私人消费仍有弹性,近期企业行为正逐渐转向提高工资和价格。

宽松的货币政策环境将继续支撑经济,实际利率预计仍将显著为负。

日本央行会更“鹰”一步吗?

分析师认为,这次利率决议并不鸽。日本央行以书面形式承诺,如果经济活动和通胀前景的良好情况继续下去,将进一步加息。这是第一次,也是我们在植田和男领导下看到的日本央行的鹰派姿态。对于购债规模,ATFX Global Markets的分析师Nick Twidale认为,日本央行债券缩减规模远低于预期,这对日元造成了沉重打击。

然而,分析师 Toru Fujioka和Sumio Ito认为,日元疲软来到了转折点:

日本央行将其政策利率上调,还表示将在2026年第一季度把每月购债速度降至约3万亿日元。行长植田和男在采取这些措施的同时,也表明了该行继续推进正常化进程的意愿,周三的行动可能会助长今年可能再加息一次的猜测。在美联储即将召开会议的几个小时前,日本央行的鹰派倾向可能意味着受困的日元的一个转折点,因为交易员们认为美日利率差距将缩小。美联储任何暗示可能在9月降息的言论都将支持这种说法。

OTAN研究公司首席经济学家Izuru Kato表示:

加息的决定很可能是为了纠正过度宽松的货币政策,反映出实际政策利率已深入负值区域。尽管日本央行一直解释说货币政策不以货币为目标,但鉴于日元疲软对日本农村地区的中小企业造成了打击,因此日元疲软肯定是今天决定背后的一个重要因素。加息的幅度很小,只是象征性的。不必担心加息速度加快,因为日本央行在3月和7月的加息幅度只是达到了普通央行一次性加息的幅度。这并不意味着日本央行突然转向鹰派。展望未来,日本央行仍将保持谨慎,避免过于仓促地收紧政策。

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