以Particle Network为例,深入探讨「链抽象」的价值

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-04-28Last updated on 2024-04-28

Abstract

为何市场模块化到一定程度必须要有「链抽象」?

原文作者:Haotian(X:@tmel0211

很多人以为链抽象是 VC 炮制的概念,其实还真不是。看了 SevenX 这篇描述链抽象未来的文章深有启发。目前市场高性能 layer 1、并行 EVM、Layer 2 RaaS、layer 3 应用链、跨链等赛道的复杂环境,使模块化、链抽象成为两个衍生孪生叙事。在我看来,“模块化”到一定程度必须要有“链抽象”。接下来,我来阐述下看法:

1)现在 layer 1 公链层的竞争水深火热,上一轮大家倾向于 EVM 化,因此出现了很多 EVM- Compatible layer 1 ,这一轮 EVM 的先天不足遭到诟病,出现了一些主打并行交易的高性能 layer 1 链,像 Solana、Sui、Aptos 等,还有一些底层架构彻底重构的并行 EVM 链,如 Monad、Artela 等。

2)layer 2 叙事也早已不是纯 EVM 的天下,出现了 BTC layer 2 生态,有 BSquare 这类 EVM- Compatible 类型的 layer 2 ,也有 CKB 这类 UTXO 同构绑定类型 layer 2 ;此外还出现了高度模块化组合 layer 2 生态,比如,模块化 DA 层设计 Celestia、以 Solana VM 做执行层的 Eclipse 等等。

这些链越多,竞争越内卷,链和链之间的跨链 interoperability 问题就越突出,至少涉及:底层语言、账户模型、合约标准等多种异构性。

比如,Move、Rust、Solidity 语言之间差异,开发者学习成本就很高;不同账户和状态模型的差异,让以太坊的 EOA 账户去兼容比特币的 UTXO 模型会很难;不同链智能合约标准的差异,ERC 20、ERC 721 等标准在 Move 系公链基于 Object 为中心的链内会不好处理;Relay 中继器在不同链之间的原子通信交互存在巨大挑战,需要 RPC 实时监控各个链上上的合约状态并协调按顺序执行。除此之外,还存在不同共识验证机制(POW VS POS)、不同治理协调机制、不同扩展性能力、不同可信度安全底层等等。

这些链本位背后的复杂因素直接导致用户本位存在很多体验糟糕的问题:

1)用户在 EVM 和非 EVM 全链环境下,账户地址不统一;

2)用户在控制 EOA 地址和智能合约地址以及 MPC 管理等存在不一致的签名规范,需要做签名聚合;

3)用户在不同链环境下需要不同的 Gas 费标准,Gas 转换和摩擦都存在挑战;

4)不同链之间有不同的流动性深度,用户没有统一的流动性管理环境等;

面对这些各色各样链与链之间复杂性兼容难题,链抽象的目标正是要把这些技术复杂性隐藏到幕后,而展示给用户的则是一套简单的前端 UX 界面。大家都熟知 @ParticleNtwrk 为了实现让用户通过 Unisat 直接连接 EVM 环境的问题,推出了 BTC Connect。其实这只是链抽象大工程的一小部分,除此之外,Particle 还做了哪些链抽象的幕后技术整合操作呢?

1)基于 Cosmos SDK 构建模块化L1公链底层架构,这样以来,Particle 可以连接 EVM 环境、BTC UTXO 环境、Solana 高并发环境等,Cosmos 的 IBC 和中继器等都为其最大程度连接复杂性多 layer 1 环境提供了框架前提;

2)构建了 Keystore 合约实现全链账户抽象,由合约管理用户各个异构链上的账户和状态信息,包括地址、公钥、签名等跨链消息传递等;

3)用去中心化 Bundler 服务,即 intent 意图 Solver 处理中心,来接收用户的复杂操作指令并将其转化为链上可执行的交易,比如 Paymaster 代付 Gas、Social Recovery 等优化交易体验等,都通过意图层构建的 UserOps 来实现;

4)跨链通信和中继器 Relayer 来负责在各个链监听交易和状态更新并且按顺序即时响应并反馈处理,为全链交互丝滑体验和统一的流动性体验提供基础;

5)针对 Gas Token 不统一的问题,未来 Particle 也会发行生态代币$PARTI 来统一不同链上的 Gas 消费,实现 Gas 抽象,关键是,除了跨链资产结算之外,Gas Token 也会提供双质押安全模型机制来确保各个链上的交互可信安全性。

最近,集成 Particle 账户抽象和 BTC Connect 服务的 MerlinChain TGE 上线了,我留意到市场上出现了一些抱怨 AA 使用体验较差的问题。其实也不难理解,链抽象服务主体提供的相当于一个可插拔的接口拓展服务,接口本身(CDK)的签名算法优化和适配需也尤为关键。像 Bearchain、opBNB 等 60 多条链也都集成了该服务,Particle 只是提供了一种标准化的可供合作项目方直接集成的链抽象服务,若要凭一己之力承担所有的兼容体验不给力问题也不现实。

以上

在我看来,Particle 就是一条典型的致力于解决链抽象复杂问题的模块化 layer 1 公链。SevenX 在文中还例举了 @LightDotSo @NEARProtocol 等不同解决方案,我就不一一解读了,但这类技术服务理解起来并不难。

链抽象的本质就是“连接整合”和“异构兼容”,功夫都在幕后,让项目开发者能快速低成本集成并应用成熟的扩展服务,让用户感知到无缝的交互使用体验。

总之,链抽象赛道的未来正是由现在跨链原生环境的复杂性造就的,现在大家还沉浸在模块化组合带来的复杂性繁荣非理性期,或许还无法感知链抽象的价值。当 Mass Adoption 愿景逐步实现,链间竞争内卷到需要大浪淘沙洗牌的时候,链抽象赛道的价值自然会显现。

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