概览Rollup市场现状:正统性、主权性、模块化和Restaking争雄

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-01-29Last updated on 2024-01-29

Abstract

进入 2024 年,Rollup 开始分化出 4 种类型。

原文作者:NingNing(X:@0xNing0x

23 年的可扩展性竞争市场的主题之一,是 Rollup 吞噬 Alt L1 的 TVL、用户和生态 Dapp。Arbitrum、Optimism、Zksync、Starknet 等作为守护以太坊生态的圣殿骑士团,对以太坊生态功莫大焉。

但当 Arbitrum 尝试构建 L1-L2-L3 的 Rollup 可扩展路线的中心辐射结构,以稳固其 Rollup 龙头地位和既得利益时,事情开始变得不对味儿。

好在 Optimism 和 Zksync 都没有跟进 Arbitrum 的野蛮行动,而是选择 Stacks 并行结构,并自降为 Stack 结构的第一个实例。

而且,即使不是以太坊的侧链的以太坊侧链 Polygon,也没有选择 Arbitrum 的路线,而是选择跟进 Optimism 和 Zksync 的路线,推出类 Stacks 并行结构 Polygon CDK。只不过 Polygon CDK 的结算层,是 Polygon PoS 主网,而非以太坊主网。

但采用 Stacks SDK 部署的 Rollup,大部分需要与其共享数据可用性和结算层,并没有实现真正的并行和主权性。

这与以太坊 DankSharding 分片愿景中 1024 个分片 + 1 分片对 n 个 Rollup 的去中心化可扩展性架构相比,仍然相去甚远。

进入 24 年,在模块化、Restaking 等新原语的刺激下,Rollup 开始分化出 4 种类型:正统性 Rollup、主权性 Rollup、模块化 Rollup、Restaking Rollup:

正统性 Rollup

正统性 Rollup 主动追求作为以太坊执行层的外包商之一,追求 EVM 等效性甚至以太坊等效性,Optimism、Linea、Scroll 属于此类。Arbitrum 架构与它们相同,但在追求以太坊等效性没有上面三家激进,而更以开发者为中心。

概览Rollup市场现状:正统性、主权性、模块化和Restaking争雄

主权性 Rollup

主权性 Rollup 以 Vitalik 他妈的 Metis、Vitalik 和 Eli 联合发起的 Starknet 为代表。

他们共同的架构特征,是具有去中心化序列器网络和主权性验证网络(结算层)

因为 Metis 采用 Op Rollup 机制而 Starknet 采用 Zk Rollup 机制,它们的主权性验证网络架构虽然都采用了 PBS(区块提交者和区块构建者分离)的设计思想,但有所不同:Starknet 的主权性验证网络架构增加了一些节点角色,如负责生成 ZKP(零知识证明)的 Prover(证明者)

而且由于 ZKP 有效性验证提交到以太坊主网的成本,低于欺诈证明,所以 Starknet 仍然将以太坊作为共识层和数据可用层。

而 Metis 则干脆做到底,只将以太坊主网作为 memo 储存器或者说公告板。它与以太坊主网的关系,类似目前多数比特币 L2 与比特币主网的关系,可谓主权性拉满。

概览Rollup市场现状:正统性、主权性、模块化和Restaking争雄

模块化 Rollup

模块化 Rollup 目前分为两种子类型:Manta 等通用性 Rollup 和 Aevo、Lyra 等 Dapp Rollup。

模块化 Rollup 目前的状态,让人感觉只是将 DA 层从以太坊换成 Celesita、Avail 等模块化区块链 DA。

但这样的想法,忽略了模块化 Rollup 的深层意义,即模块化 Rollup 是对目前主流的 Rollup 中心辐射结构的革新和挑战。

模块化 Rollup 赋予 Dapp 开发者从以太坊和通用性 L2 的掌控中逃逸的能力,能够缓解目前面向以太坊基金会、面向 VC 构建 Rollup 的怪象,而重回以用户为中心的产品范式。

概览Rollup市场现状:正统性、主权性、模块化和Restaking争雄

Restaking Rollup

Restaking Rollup 是 Raas 服务商 AltLayer 与 EigenLayer 联合推出的新原语。

与主权 Rollup 中的 Metis 相比,它的验证网络和共识网络从 EigenLayer AVS 节点网络中引导,经济安全性来源于 Restaking 的 ETH 和 LST,安全性高于由 L2 原生协议代币保障。

Restaking Rollup,在结算层之前插入了一个名为 AltLayer Vital 的中继层,在共识层和数据可用层之前插入了一个名为 Altlayer Mach 的中继层,由它们分别承载结算层、共识层和数据可用层的部分功能。

这样的架构可以提升 Rollup 的安全性、最终确认性和降低数据可用性验证成本。

概览Rollup市场现状:正统性、主权性、模块化和Restaking争雄

Restaking Rollup 还大幅降低了部署 Rollup 的门槛和成本,目前 Altlayer 支持零代码 5 分钟部署 1 条 Rollup。

以上 4 种类型中正统性 Rollup 和主权性 Rollup 以通用性 Rollup 为主,占据市场大部分份额。但它们部署和运营成本非常重,不适合 Dapp 开发者使用。

而轻协议范式的模块化 Rollup 和 Restaking Rollup,在 24 年给了 Dapp 开发者新的选择。

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