ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-12-29Last updated on 2023-12-29

Abstract

ETF的批准是最大的催化剂,承诺着巨大的潜在上行空间和有限的下行风险。

原文标题:《Will ETFs Boost Bitcoin's Liquidity?》

原文作者: Dessislava Aubert、Clara Medalie

原文编译:Block unicorn

FTX 崩溃以来,我们一直密切关注加密货币的流动性。毫不掩饰事实:无论是所有资产还是所有交易所,交易量和订单簿深度都普遍下降,即使最新的市场反弹也未能使深度或交易量恢复到 FTX 之前的水平。

然而,随着可能在一月份获得现货交易所交易基金(ETF)批准的希望,有望看到流动性很快真正恢复(尽管存在一些负面影响的风险)。这可以通过两种方式实现:

1. 流动性通过交易转移

2. 流动性通过市场做市商(MM)转移

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

在「ETF 将提升流动性」的一方,有令人信服的论点认为,ETF 将扩大加密货币交易者的数量,导致交易量更大且市场更为高效。市场做市商也将受益于 ETF,作为对冲的同时可能会扩大其活动范围。

而在「ETF 将损害流动性」的一方,真正的担忧是,大量的 ETF 赎回可能会对基础市场施加卖压。在市场做市商方面,他们可能会因为更多的知情交易者而收取更高的点差。让我们来看一下比特币流动性的现状,以了解其影响。

比特币订单簿

FTX 的崩溃导致比特币市场深度大幅下降,不仅 FTX 的突然消失实质上减少了流动性,而且由于巨额损失和困难的市场环境,市场做市商还在许多交易所上关闭了头寸。1% 市场深度,即在价格 1% 范围内订单簿上的买卖数量,已经从在所有交易所和交易对中约为 580 亿美元下降到仅约 230 亿美元。

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

最新的市场反弹对流动性影响微乎其微,观察到的轻微增加主要是由于价格效应。

在 ETF 的背景下,为什么市场深度很重要呢?ETF 发行者将需要买卖基础资产。虽然尚不清楚他们将在哪里进行这项交易——是在现货交易所、场外交易,还是从矿工手中购买——但有可能在某个时候,集中式现货交易所的流动性将增加,尤其是因为许多 ETF 预计将一次性获得批准。

从套利者的角度来看,流动性也很重要。ETF 价格将需要跟踪基础资产,通过在溢价或折价出现时进行买卖来实现。流动性不足的市场通过更频繁的价格错位使套利者的工作变得更加复杂,因此流动性对市场效率至关重要。

特别是美国可用的加密货币交易所可能在现货 ETF 中发挥重要作用,目前占据全球比特币市场深度的约 45% 。

在 2023 年,Kraken 的比特币订单簿平均深度最大,为 3290 万美元,Coinbase 紧随其后,为 2430 万美元。为了提供背景,Binance 的平均每日市场深度用红色表示。

ETF 的批准还可能影响交易成本,因为更多知情的投资者进入比特币市场。在过去的一年中,交易者的成本,以点差的形式,自去年以来大多有所改善,可能是由于价格波动较低。

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

总结一下,比特币市场深度在大部分时间里保持平稳(流动性没有变化),而点差大多数时候有所收窄(交易者成本较低),但 ETF 的批准可能会改变这一状况。

比特币交易量 

相较于市场深度,FTX 对交易量的影响要小得多,仅占全球交易量的不到 7% 。自去年 11 月以来,交易量出现了相当大的波动。在 2023 年的前三个月,交易量保持较高水平,然后在三月银行危机后暴跌,达到了夏季的多年低点。

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

过去几个月我们看到了一些微弱的复苏,尤其是在最近的市场反弹中,但总体而言,交易量仍远低于 FTX 之前的水平。

因此,当将交易量与市场深度进行比较时,我们可以观察到自从 2022 年 11 月以来,深度的下降幅度更为极端,但在整个年度内比交易量波动小得多。这表明市场做市活动水平保持不变,没有新的参与者(或退出者)。

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

比特币占主导地位 

比特币仍然是迄今为止最具流动性的加密资产,并在艰难的市场条件中表现出最强韧性。ETF 很可能会进一步加强其主导地位。

在过去一年的交易量分布中,我们可以看到比特币的交易量平均比以太坊大约多 3 倍,比前 10 大替代币要多 10 倍以上。值得注意的是,这一趋势在春季结束的币安零手续费比特币交易促销活动加剧了这种差异。

ETF若获批,会增强比特币的流动性吗?

比特币的平均每日市场深度与以太坊相比更为相似,尽管它仍然比大多数替代币要大得多。

结论

比特币迄今为止是最具流动性的加密资产。然而,自 FTX 崩溃以来,流动性的两个衡量指标都急剧下降,过去几个月仅有轻微的复苏。因此,目前在加密市场中,ETF 的批准是最大的催化剂,承诺着巨大的潜在上行空间和有限的下行风险。尽管存在一些流动性风险,如果投资者需求严重增加,ETF 有望在整体上改善市场条件。

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