Web3普法:游戏积分兑换实物礼品,违法吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-12-11Last updated on 2023-12-11

Abstract

为了增加用户对游戏的参与度,不少游戏商会设置积分商城,用户在游戏中的积分可兑换为实物或礼品卡券,如购物卡,手机等,这样是否合法呢?

原文作者:邵诗巍律师(上海曼昆律师事务所资深律师)

引言 

为了增加用户对游戏的参与度,不少游戏商会设置积分商城,用户在游戏中的积分可兑换为实物或礼品卡券,如购物卡,手机等,这样是否合法呢?

2023 年 7 月 15 日,桂阳检察微信公众号发布了一则案例《网上开设赌场,起诉!判刑!生效!》 ,在“疯狂的捕鱼”游戏中,游戏运营商因在游戏中加入“游戏道具兑换实物”等功能,叶某某等 11 人以开设赌场罪被桂阳县人民法院判处有期徒刑五年四个月不等。

那么,游戏积分兑换实物卡券必然违法吗?今天我们就来讨论一下这个问题。

什么积分兑换实物,会构成开设赌场罪?

一款合法的游戏,只能设置“上分”功能(玩家充值法币购买游戏内虚拟货币),不能设置“下分”功能(将游戏内的虚拟货币或虚拟道具变现),否则存在涉赌风险,相关法律分析在本人此前的文章中《边玩边赚钱的区块链游戏,如何避免成赌博?》也有提及。

游戏商不能设置平台具有变现功能,将游戏中的虚拟货币/道具直接变现为法币,这已经是一个常识。但除了提升游戏本身的体验感以外,游戏币变现,确实是一个为了吸引更多的用户参与游戏,使游戏商获得更多收益的好方式。

所以一些游戏商就采用了变通的方法,以积分兑换物品的方式,作为营销的手段,激励更多的用户上分充值玩游戏。殊不知,无论是以现金还是实物为用户提供兑换服务,其本质都是一样的,都会被司法机关认定为“出金”,正如上述案例所判决的捕鱼游戏开设赌场罪一案。

那么,积分兑换功能是不是必然为法律所禁止呢?

游戏能否设置积分兑换实物功能?

本人最近经常讲的一句口头禅——“这是个很复杂的问题”,对于此问题,也同样适用。我们先看一则法律规定:

《文化部关于规范网络游戏运营加强事中事后监管工作的通知(以下简称“通知”)》(文市发〔 2016 〕 32 号)(九)网络游戏运营企业不得向用户提供网络游戏虚拟货币兑换法定货币或者实物的服务;(十)网络游戏运营企业不得向用户提供虚拟道具兑换法定货币的服务,向用户提供虚拟道具兑换小额实物的,实物内容及价值应当符合国家有关法律法规的规定。

虽然该《通知》已失效,但尚无新法规替代,所以仍然具有一定程度的参考价值。我们就从该规定开始,进行释法说理。

这两条是关于禁止游戏商将虚拟货币/道具“反向兑换”的规定。第九条禁止虚拟货币兑换为法币或实物;第十条禁止虚拟道具兑换为法币,但对于能否兑换实物,该规定开了个口子。

那么这里就有 3 个问题引出:

1、既然有规定虚拟道具可兑换实物,那是不是说明兑换功能有法律依据?为什么仍存在相关平台涉刑的法律风险?

2、只允许虚拟道具兑换实物,不允许虚拟货币兑换,那么道具和虚拟货币的区别是什么?如何规避道具被认定为虚拟货币,进而被定性为开设赌场罪的法律风险?

3、平台提供什么样的兑换服务,才能认定为“小额实物”?

对于第一个问题,我们不能否认,并非所有设置积分兑换实物功能的平台,都会被认定为开设赌场。实践中例如, “腾讯欢乐斗地主”的游戏积分可兑换京东卡、话费卡等第三方产品。《通知》虽然失效,但确实有一定程度的参考价值。那为什么说是“一定程度”呢?

因为这确实是一部已失效的法规,道具可兑换实物这一说法,严格来说,已经无法可依。

对于第二个问题,关于道具和虚拟货币的区别,根据 2010 年 11 月 16 日发布,且目前现行有效的《网络游戏虚拟货币监管和执法要点指引》,“对于直接由用户通过法定货币购买的虚拟道具(游戏币)并具有兑换该游戏运营企业提供的其他游戏道具、游戏币或增值服务功能的,可参照网络游戏虚拟货币的管理要求进行管理。”

所以,并不是游戏商抗辩,“我们给用户提供兑换功能的是虚拟道具,不是虚拟货币!”,就能够被司法机关所认可。

对于第三个问题,《通知》第九条规定,道具兑换为小额实物的,可准予。但该规定仍然较为模糊。实物的内容和价值“应当符合国家有关法律法规的规定”,是指什么规定?这里并不明确。价值多少算是“小额”,也没有做出明确限制。是一百元以内算作小额,还是五百元以内算是小额呢?可能每个人的认知都是不同的。实践中,有平台将“话费卡”作为兑换卡券,按理说话费卡在社会公众中的价值认知应该不存在差异,但实践中仍存在被判处开设赌场罪的案件,例如(2021)湘 0923 刑初 189 号案件中,法院认为,游戏中设置的兑换商城,可将虚拟道具直接兑换成虚拟卡变现,故平台具有赌博性质,属于赌博网站。

曼昆律师建议

平台为用户实现积分兑换服务,无论是平台本身就设有相应的功能,还是与第三方银商(资金结算平台)合作,都会存在涉赌风险。所以并不鼓励平台此种做法。对于仍希望通过该功能获取用户增长的游戏商,这里给出几点建议:

1、尽量避免游戏道具被认定为虚拟货币的法律风险。例如,游戏道具无法通过法币直接购买,道具也不具备兑换为游戏虚拟货币的功能等等。

2、不要与银商等第三方主体合作,为用户提供最终的资金变现服务。这句话怎么理解呢?举个例子:平台设置游戏虚拟道具可兑换 200 元购物卡服务,平台合作的第三方主体又向用户以 150 元的价格回购购物卡,最终仍实现了平台间接向用户兑换现金的流程,那么平台必然涉赌。

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