一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-11-15Last updated on 2023-11-15

Abstract

比特币作为市值最大的加密资产,在比特币网络上开发应用的声音从未停止过,下文总结了四类在比特币上开发DeFi应用的方案。

原文作者:蒋海波,PANews

随着 Ordinals 协议的推出和 BRC-20 代币标准的创建,比特币网络的动态发生了显著变化。这些创新导致了比特币内存池中未确认交易的持续高位,增加了对区块空间的需求,从而提升了矿工的收入。今年,比特币的算力实现了超过 80% 的增长,这些基础面的改进可能是比特币在现货 ETF 的叙事启动前,相对于其他加密货币表现更出色的主要原因。

由于 BRC-20 资产的上涨以及 BTC 价格的优异表现,比特币生态受到更多关注,ORDI、RUNE 等在这一轮有优秀的表现。下文 PANews 将分类讨论比特币生态的 DeFi 项目,以下数据均截至 11 月 14 日。

跨链或以太坊上的 DeFi 项目

比特币作为最主要的加密资产,市值占比在 50% 左右,将比特币安全的引入其它链(主要是以太坊)一直是 DeFi 项目的研究方向之一。目前最主要的 BTC 锚定币仍然是 WBTC,但底层的 BTC 由 BitGo 中心化托管。在去中心化领域,通常有跨链和合成资产的方式在以太坊上铸造比特币锚定币。主要的去中心化 BTC 锚定币包括 Threshold 发行的 tBTCRen Protocol 发行的 renBTC、Synthetix 的 sBTC 等。

tBTC 是由 Threshold 的去中心化的跨链桥引入以太坊和其它网络的,Threshold 官网显示目前发行量为 1662.9 tBTC,这也是目前主要的去中心化比特币锚定币。Curve 是 tBTC 的主要应用场所,稳定币 crvUSD 也支持用 tBTC 作为抵押品。

Ren Protocol 团队此前被 Alameda Research 收购,受后者破产的影响,现在 Ren 正处于 Ren 1.0 到 Ren 2.0 的过度时期,目前以太坊上发行有 304.5 RenBTC。

Synthetix 的 sBTC 也曾是主要的去中心化比特币锚定币之一,但由于稳定币 sUSD 是 Synthetix 生态中更重要的合成资产,sBTC 的发展并未受到太多重视。目前在以太坊上发行有 391.5 sBTC,另外在 Optimism 上也有发行。

专注于将比特币带入 DeFi 的 BadgerDAO 近期也有不错的表现,它提供自动化质押服务,允许用户将 WBTC 等存入并赚取收益。另外,BadgerDAO 有一个与比特币价格挂钩的去中心化稳定币 DIGG。随着以太坊流动性质押的发展,BadgerDAO 还计划推出以 stETH 为抵押品铸造的合成比特币 eBTC。

根据 CoinGecko 数据,上述项目中 Threshold、Ren、Synthetix、Badger 的原生代币过去 7 天的涨幅分别为 4.5% 、-7.5% 、 3.3% 、 34.9% 。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

比特币侧链或 Layer 2 上的 DeFi 项目

比特币不支持完整的智能合约功能,而是仅支持一种有限的脚本语言,也不具备像以太坊那样的复杂智能合约功能。但是可以借助侧链或 Layer 2 解决方案,包括 Lightning Network、Rootstock(RSK)、Stacks、Liquid、MintLayer、RGB 等,来实现比特币生态内的 DeFi 操作。这类项目利用比特币的安全性,同时尝试提高交易速度和降低成本。

这些 Layer 2 或侧链项目中,推出了原生代币且市值最高的是 Stacks。根据 DefiLlama 数据,目前 Stacks 的 TVL 为 1914 万美元。Stacks 上的 DeFi 项目中,去中心化交易所 ALEX 的 TVL 最高,为 1333 万美元,且过去一个月增加了 69.85% 。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

RSK 是比特币的一条侧链,它通过联合比特币矿工和 RSK 矿工的工作量证明(PoW)系统来保障网络安全,实现了比特币和 RSK 之间的双向锚定。

Sovryn 是 RSK 上的一个比特币 DeFi 平台,它提供几乎全套的 DeFi 服务,如稳定币 DLLR,用于交易的 Sovryn AMM,借贷池以及保证金交易。DefiLlama 显示目前 Sovryn 的 TVL 为 2723 万美元。Money On Chain 有基于 RSK 的比特币 RBTC 抵押的稳定币 DoC,以及一种次级投资代币 BPro,它允许用户将 RBTC 兑换为等值的 DOC,目前 DoC 的发行量为 369 万。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

比特币闪电网络(Lightning Network)是一种构建在比特币区块链之上的第二层支付协议,旨在实现快速、廉价的小额支付,同时大幅提升比特币网络的交易吞吐量。这是通过创建支付通道来实现的,用户在通道内进行的所有交易都不需要立即记录在比特币区块链上,而是只在通道开启和关闭时进行区块链记录。根据 1 ML 数据,目前 Lightning Network 上的资金为 1.94 亿美元,过去 30 天维持不变;节点数量为 14615 个,过去 30 天下降 1.98% ;通道数量为 62671 个,过去 30 天下降 2.4% 。

10101 Finance 是建立在闪电网络上的衍生品协议,它能交易由比特币担保的差价合约、期权和其它衍生品,同时其中还有一种合成稳定币。该团队此前基于比特币开发过多个产品,包括比特币与以太坊之间的原子交换等。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

基于 Ordinals 等特定协议的 DeFi 功能

Ordinals 将数据(如图像、文本等)直接嵌入到比特币交易的见证部分,从而将非货币数据永久存储在比特币区块链上。基于 Ordinasl 诞生了一种类似于以太坊 ERC-20 的代币标准 BRC-20 ,可以创建代表特定资产或代币的唯一标识符。通过 Ordinals 嵌入的数据,可以在在比特币本身不支持智能合约的情况下,在区块链上进行复杂的金融交易方法。

基于 brc-20 协议,Unisats 建立了一种允许用户提供流动性、交易的 brc 20-swap,并声称这是一种在比特币主网上运行且使用 brc 20 协议的首个原生 Ordinals 交易模块。brc 20-swap 实现了自动做市商的功能,同样根据 Uniswap V2等采用的 x * y = k 公式进行交易,手续费为 0.3% ,流动性提供者获得手续费的 5/6 ,剩余 1/6 作为平台费用,手续费以 brc-20 资产 SATS 的形式收取。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

但 OKX CEO 等人也在质疑 brc 20-swap 的去中心化,实现完全去中心化的 DEX 交换存在难度。尽管 Unisats 的 brc 20-swap 铭文交易在设计上支持去中心化的参与和部署,但由于比特币网络本身不支持智能合约,其是否能够实现完全去中心化的交换仍有待商榷。

另外,和 Ordinals 类似的还有 Atomicals、Pipe、Runes 等,可能也能实现类似的功能。

其它建立在比特币上的 DeFi 项目

除此之外,还有一些项目试图在比特币上实现基础的 DeFi 功能,这是一个挑战较大但潜力巨大的领域。

在原生比特币的链上交换上,THORChain 是最主要的场所。这是一个去中心化的流动性网络,具有可互操作的区块链,支持跨链代币交换。它的特点是不将资产锚定或包装,而是直接允许用户在不同的 Layer 1 区块链上交换代币。

过去 7 天,THORChain 的交易量为 13.8 亿美元,在所有 DEX 中位于第三。目前,THORChain 的 TVL 为 2.5 亿美元,过去一个月上升 106.7% 。它的原生代币 RUNE 也是近期表现最好的资产之一,目前 RUNE 的价格为 4.84 美元,过去 7 天上涨 39.3% 。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

Bisq Network 是一个允许用户将比特币兑换为法币或其它加密货币的 DEX,它以信任最小化的方式运行,由 DAO 运营。Bisq 发行有 BSQ 作为对贡献者的激励,交易者也可以通过持有 BSQ 来对交易费用打折,目前 BSQ 的市值为 290 万美元。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

Atomic Finance 结合了比特币的基础技术和创新的合约机制,它通过比特币的脚本语言和离散对数合约(DLCs)在比特币上实现 DeFi 功能。比特币持有者能够更有效地利用他们的资产来获得收益,同时保持资产的安全性和去中心化的特点。目前 App 下载量超过 1000 次,投资额超过 75 BTC。

一览比特币上的DeFi应用现状:跨链、Layer 2、新协议与原生方案

小结

比特币作为市值最大的加密资产,在比特币网络上开发应用的声音从未停止过。以上总结了四类在比特币上开发 DeFi 应用的方案,并列举了其中的代表性项目。

目前来看,Ordinals 这类建立在比特币上的协议占据了比特币网络上的大量交易。另外一些方案,如 RGB 和 Taproot 等也是被很多人所看好的技术路线。

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