RWA畅想:构建现实与加密世界的桥梁

MarsBitPublished on 2023-07-19Last updated on 2023-07-19

Abstract

RWA,大玩家的游戏?

.details .details-cont p, p {word-break: normal; text-align: unset} p img {text-align: center !important;} RWA(Real World Asset)是指实物资产,也叫现实世界资产。这种资产通常是指具有实际使用价值的物品,如不动产、机器设备、原材料、商品等等。与数字资产(如比特币、以太币等加密货币)不同,RWA是实际存在并且可以触摸到的资产。
在金融领域,RWA通常被用于指代那些可以作为担保物用于贷款或者其他债务工具的实物资产,如房地产、汽车、船只等等。这些实物资产可以用于降低风险,因为它们的价值相对稳定,并且可以在需要时进行出售以偿还债务。

RWA


现实世界资产(Real World Assets,RWA)近期俨然以下一个主题叙事的姿态出现在此时的市场,为现实世界和加密世界的紧密链接讲述了更好的故事。不论是链下世界中澳大利亚证交所考虑的上市代币化现实世界资产,还是MakerDAO以DAI对新RWA金库类型的尝试,都为这个漫长的熊市带来了一些精彩。RWA,大玩家的游戏?
RWA其原理是资产载体的转化,将现实世界中的资产通过代币的形式映射到区块链上,用户可以进行买卖交易。在这个并不算新的概念里,持有RWA的代币即代表着拥有资产的收益权,房地产REITs、黄金ETF及美国国债,都可以用这种形式映射为链上资产,这样做也可以较好的扩大加密用户凭借代币购买传统资产的渠道。当然,我们最熟知的也是最成功的RWA案例应该是USDT,将美元映射到区块链上,以加密资产美元稳定币的形式进行流转,牢固锚定现实价值。
尤其在当今传统金融机构对加密领域的尝试在不断强化。在香港,南华证券已成为首批持牌虚拟资产金融机构之一,而在美国,富达等老牌机构也正在申请BitcoinETF等对于传统金融较为新兴的金融产品。甚至可以想象,这些本来就具有较强链下场景背书的大型金融机构是不是可以以一种传统的方式解决预言机问题,用他们的信任实体的存在对链下资产进行链上映射进行了背书和影响,即便这并不符合web3的去中心化和去信任化本质。
这个问题是很有可能存在的,链上的行为可以以智能合约进行限制或规定,即便实物资产的数字产权可以去中心化无需中介的自由流转,真的就能在线下进行转化吗,这个事情的解决绝不能仅靠链上的约束,也需要现实世界中的条件限制。不过这个问题还有些远,我们可以先从现实的金融产品开启这一篇章。
如果只是把RWA当作一种特定形式的资产证券化,进行金融资产的上链还是有些保守了。毕竟任何资产中的所有权价值和附带的相关权益,都可以被转换为数字代币。这些应用中目前多以DeFi的形式表现,尤其是基于美债、股票、房地产等链下现实资产的收益类项目,当然,DeFi会受抑于其原生资产,而RWA的确是把这个边际范围进行强效的扩大。
按照资产类别进行归类,可以把RWA分为以下几种:

  1. 稳定币类RWA:Tether发布的USDT本身就是以美元为底层资产进行建设的项目,目前已经成为加密市场的重要基础设施,我们也知道该类稳定币在非脱锚状态下始终锚定1稳定币=1美元。而不论是CNYG,还是近期香港政学界知名人士呼吁的港元稳定币项目,其本质都是以法币为底层资产进行链上资产发行。
  2. 固定收益类RWA:在这个分类中,大多数是基于美债、股票、房地产、贷款等链下资产,最常见的既包含美国国债等债券类项目,也有基于结构化融资工具的信贷资产。美国国债也是目前占比最大的RWA资产,毕竟其稳定的收益率在今年还是颇为可观。当然,这些产品和协议的原理和其他的DeFi借贷类产品没有什么不同,只是把抵押物换成了现实资产,这也是传统的资产证券化,更本质的可以称之为资产代币化,MakerDAO就在抵押品中添加了大量包括房地产代币化在内的现实抵押物。
  3. 房地产类RWA:房地产领域是最早进行资产上链行为实践的,美国比较成熟的房地产交易市场中,运用REITs等工具进行分散投资的行为不是难题,还有去中心化的房地产资产管理、物业系统管理都已经有所普及。像根据房产所有权进行碎片化的投资方案不论是链上还是链下都有过尝试。而链上,比较简单的方式是投资者仅需根据兑换链上token抵押,即可获得相应的收益权(如租金收益),并每日进行分配,这在很大程度上降低了人们碎片化投资房地产的门槛,同时也为房地产的拥有者募资提供了便利。

RWA的分类并非只有这几种,例如权益类RWA和艺术品类RWA都已经有相应的产品出现,但是对于上市公司的监管和基于部分高价值奢侈品的规模限制,没有再逐一讨论。
LABS Group:RWA如何赋能房地产
LABS Group是一个数字化房地产投资平台,该公司利用区块链技术将房地产碎片化,并在受监管的合法合规的房地产证券交易所进行交易。他的Slogan是“通过区块链彻底改变房地产”,进行房地产的数字资产交易。目前其原生token$LABS已经在Kucoin,BitMart和Gate上线。

RWA


该项目目前推出了两个产品,一个是LABS流动资产经纪系统,另一个是Staynex针对度假村的会员平台。
LABS对于对于业主来说,可以更轻松地筹集资金,其原理是通过对房地产资产的token化,这样就能实现无需金融中介即可筹集资金。而对于投资人来说,通过token使得每个人都可以投资世界各地的房地产项目,从而建立自己的建立全球房地产投资组合,部分所有权减少了进入壁垒,并在链上可以即时交易。

RWA


Staynex是一个度假会员平台,会员可以每年获得全球度假村的使用权,并可以通过持有会员资格来赚取奖励。通过对“住宿”行为的token化,将其嵌入到NFT 中,就将应有的会员资格以及分配在酒店的住宿晚数进行了分配。对于度假村和酒店业主,可以通过将其整个房地产投资组合中一年中的一定比例的夜晚分配为NFT,来创建和定制专属的通行证。

RWA


针对房地产市场,只需要进行链下的对产权确认,并将为此可以获得的收益进行预定规划,进行链上包装为自有产品进行抵押和分配,可以一种比较轻松的方式实现房地产的去中心化投资和募资,还能有NFT化的更多玩法。对房地产的RWA项目来说,既可以降低门槛利于碎片化投资,也提供了一种更加便捷的房地产借贷方式。
RWA开启下一轮牛市叙事?先别急
近期可以感觉的出来,现实链下世界和链上的互动、传统金融机构对加密市场的探索越来越多。RWA,DePIN等相关概念和项目都时有出现。很多人对牛市的畅想,也是基于传统资金的大量涌入。
这个先别急,起码从目前的状况来看,一些资金确实对加密世界进行了尝试接触,但本质上和拿各种传统牌照没有区别,都是先立足稳定,然后进行试探,比如很多传统的金融机构对于token的发行还是有所顾虑的,这也是笔者近期交流发现,很多机构不会去选择那些知名的老交易所进行合作,而是有想要选择Hashkey等更具有现实影响力的交易所意向。
近期对于现实还有一个热点,DePIN(Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks),即“去中心化的网络硬件基础设施”,根据网络上现有的解释,可以称其为“一种采用区块链技术,通过代币激励的方式,以无需许可、无需信任和可编程的形式来协调多个个体单位的物理硬件设施”。在这个具有规模效应的新模式里,可以更好的实现硬件设施上的去中心化分布,也是一种现实和加密交织着的前景图。
我们期待着现实世界和加密世界的更深层次结合,未来的机会或许就在其中。

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