【研报精选】美联储每一次加息都以危机而告终,这一次也不会例外

投研第一线Published on 2023-04-27Last updated on 2023-05-04

Abstract

洪灝:每一次美联储加息都是以危机告终的,这一次肯定也不会例外。每一次全球金融市场系统性危机都会带来美元价格的大幅上升。

60s要点速读:

1、随着美联储的加息会逐渐进入衰退,每一次美联储加息都是以危机告终的,这一次肯定也不会例外。在银行危机发生后,美联储马上提出美元互换机制,打开了借贷的窗口,导致接下来两周时间里,美联储的贴现窗口被借走约1700亿美元,这是除2020年3月之外,历史上最大规模的一次。

2、每一次全球金融市场系统性危机都产生于美元流动性缺失导致美元价格在短期大幅上升,这时候大家出于避险的需要,更加去买美元,导致美元价格往往在周期底部,在出现危机时,它飙升得非常厉害,会大幅升值。

正文:

我主要围绕着美元这个问题,毕竟美元是所有资产定价的锚。更重要的是对我们新兴和发展中国家来说,美元价格走势更重要。最近产生了一系列国际事件,从去年俄乌战争到现在,由于美国美元使用武器化就导致了国际社会对美元稳定性产生了质疑,毕竟在外储管理上,所有国家央行美元储备是以记账式的形式去表达。

所以,美国可以很容易单方面地消掉你美元的储备,简单粗暴地说,在账上抹平,这是去年俄乌战争之后美元干的事儿,把俄罗斯3000多亿美元储备基本就抹平了,同时还追缴了美国富豪在全球各地的资产,包括他们的游艇,在其他国家银行里存的一些美元资产。

这样国际社会突然警醒,因为美元一直是避险工具,只要市场风险上升,大家都会跑到美元里避险。但在俄乌战争发生之后,我们看到一个非常有意思的现象,首先美元并没有涨很多,当然俄乌战争初期,大家还是条件反射地习惯性地去囤美元。但之后,卢布有所升值,因为他们的原油出口还是非常得强劲,欧洲由于俄乌战争之后一系列的事件,也导致欧洲反而对俄罗斯能源出口依赖性加强。所幸的是,欧洲有个不寻常的暖冬,导致在之前市场预测的,对于天然气的依赖以及对于能源价格(限制)至今都没有实现。

总的来说,在这次避险里,俄乌战争之后发生的一系列避险事件,美元作为一个避险货币,它的功能并没有那么强了,甚至黄金作为美元的对立面,毕竟在70年代,美国单方面退出了美元-黄金之间挂钩之后,黄金城了美元的对立面,因为基本它是以美元定价的。尽管去年美元指数走高到了近几十年的高位,在115左右,但黄金没有怎么跌,微跌。在去年整体非常动荡的市场环境里,黄金反而成为了表现得比较好的资产类别之一,这是去年的情况。

到了今年,我们继续看到一系列风险在发酵,包括欧美银行业危机,这很难不让人联想到2008年,毕竟2008年的危机开始于2007年夏天的时候,当时汇丰的Morgage Desk房贷项目中心产生了巨大的、几亿美金的减提。到了2008年中旬,美联储政策依然以抗通胀为主,因为美联储一直加息到2008年1月份、3-4月份,美国最富盛名的一个投行——贝尔斯登轰然倒下,被JP摩根接手。现在看2008年3-4月份,当时也没有产生足够的警惕性。

当时我还在华尔街做交易,当时的论调是说“每一次危机都会猎杀一个大鲸鱼”,所谓“一鲸落,万物生”,贝尔斯登很可能就是这样的大鲸鱼,1998年的LTCM长期资本、1997年的英国巴林银行等,每次危机里都会有一个巨型的金融机构倒闭,所以,2008年3-4月份,贝尔斯登就是这么一个巨鲸。

这次硅谷银行倒闭,毕竟这是美国银行史上2008年以来第二和第三大银行倒闭事件,在一周里倒闭了两家银行,3月份一个月倒了三家银行。这些都是以前应该没有经历过的,毕竟一周里出现两个巨型的银行倒闭,虽然它还是中小型银行,但我觉得这应该引起我们足够的重视,我们对市场的风险应该有警惕心。

每一次事件,它产生的原因都是一样的,结果也是一样的。产生的原因是通胀飙升,美联储加息控通胀,随后经济放缓,出现系统性的美元流动性缺失,表现在资产价格为美国长端收益率,就是美国国债收益率大幅上升,价格大幅度暴跌,最后导致历史上一系列重要的危机。虽然金融市场在过去四次经济衰退中它预测了七次,金融市场由于杠杆、交易的限制,由于对手盘流动性的需求等等,金融市场的反应的确是偏低的,但在金融市场价格暴跌时,首先反映在系统里出现风险的情况,即便最后是否会导致经济衰退我们不能肯定。但金融市场价格的波动一定会对金融市场和实体经济的运行产生巨大的冲击。比如1997年的亚洲危机,1994年的拉美危机等等,在1994年拉美危机之后,阿根廷一直到现在都没缓过来,所以,千万不要小看金融资产价格波动对于未来的提示。

关于美国经济,随着美联储的加息会逐渐进入衰退,每一次美联储加息都是以危机告终的,这一次肯定也不会例外。在银行危机发生后,美联储马上提出美元互换机制,打开了借贷的窗口,导致接下来两周时间里,美联储的贴现窗口被借走约1700亿美元,这是除2020年3月之外,历史上最大规模的一次,比2008年贴现借贷的规模还大,而且发生在短短两周之内,使得美联储资产负债表规模重新回到上升的趋势。

所以,很难想象,这么大的震荡,它对于美国的经济没有什么影响,我们也看到,过去几周公布的经济数据里,包括美国的IP、PMI以及就业情况,都是比想象的、预期的要差,当然,市场把它解读为虽然差但只差了一点点,这样对于美联储货币政策的决策加大好处,反而美国的股票(市场)是涨的。

美国经济周期是非常有规律的,平均三五年出现一次从低到高点再回到低点的这样一个周期性波动,这是我们称之为经济的转折期,在宏观经济波动时,我们将会看到大量的宏观因子同时有规律地向同一个方向既定的频率运行。

最后想谈谈对于美元的看法。每一次全球金融市场系统性危机都产生于美元流动性缺失导致美元价格在短期大幅上升,这时候大家出于避险的需要,更加去买美元,导致美元价格往往在周期底部,在出现危机时,它飙升得非常厉害,会大幅升值。这也表现在,当美元大幅升值之后,因为很多新兴市场出于贪便宜的原因,长期地以美元为delamination,以美元形式借此美元债,因为美元40年长期走低,大家都觉得不借白不借,往往就是在这个时候,在危机的时候,美元巨幅升值时就会对新兴市场国家资本账户,他们的货币与利率产生非常负面的影响。

长期来看,是去美元化或者可以独立于美元之外的替换性货币的体系正在形成,而不是我们很快就能把美元消灭掉,毕竟我们看到美元现在国际储备还是占了60%,全球大概70%-80%的交易还是以美元来计价,这没办法,短期之内美元霸权很难撼动。但我们可以开发另外一个系统,就像历史上有个微软Windows系统,大家都觉得苹果是没戏的,苹果当时市场占有率不到1%,二十年前,大家都觉得苹果没有戏,但看今天computing世界,苹果的iOS系统很明显是独立于Windows之外的,但可以完美地替代Windows系统的一个系统。在国际货币体系里做个简单粗暴的比较,现在国际货币体系也在出现可替代的系统,很可能是以中国人民币作为核心的。

总结一下:

第一,每一次美联储加息都是以危机告终的,但我相信,硅谷银行、签名银行这两个银行的倒闭应该是引起我们的警惕,对于市场波动和未来波动都要保持足够的警惕性。

第二,美国经济周期将加速下行,我们很快将从美国经济数据中看到,今年由于中国经济快速触底复苏,今年复苏的风险很大一部分来自于外面的风险。

第三,在长期看来,美元的走势应该是走弱的,长期是5-10年,这个时间窗口里,我们将会看到一个替代性的货币系统在逐步形成,这个系统很可能是以人民币为中心的。

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